tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54093578846394248142024-03-13T09:11:55.346+09:00Lazy Talkhcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.comBlogger273125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-31729274579167296662017-07-09T00:42:00.002+09:002017-07-09T00:42:58.390+09:00In defense of Michelle Carter Let's talk about Michelle Carter's case.<br />
To see details about the case, please see the references at the end of the page.<br />
<br />
In my opinion Michelle Carter is a victim of Conrad Roy.<br /><br />Conrad Roy was already suicidal even before meeting Michelle Carter.<br />He had already tried suicide before.<br />Then he met Michelle Carter in 2012.<br />Their relationship was mostly through text messages, rarely meeting in person.<br />He was constantly talking about suicide with Michelle Carter.<br />He was looking for someone to help him commit suicide.<br />Michelle Carter kept refusing, trying to convince him to give up.<br />Then in July 2014, after 2 years, he finally brain-washed her.<br /><br />It is not clear why she changed her mind, but there are 2 possibilities.<br />After crying wolf for such a long time Michelle Carter probably thought it was just a prank. She possibly thought he was not being really serious and would never really commit suicide, and somehow this was just a game or a prank.<br />The other possibilitiy is that she was trying to be a good girlfriend and be supportive.<br />As a good girlfriend she cannot keep antagonizing her boyfriend, otherwise she would end up losing the boyfriend. Many women end up supporting the boyfriend or husband, even when he is a criminal and about to commit a crime. She didn't want to lose the boyfriend, she didn't want to ruin the relationship, she wanted to be a good girlfriend by being supportive and cooperative and encouraging and understanding. So she started saying the things he wanted to hear. Maybe she thought that by being cooperative and understanding at first, she could somehow change his mind later. Because antagonizing him was clearly not working.<br /><br />He has finally manipulated Michelle Carter to encourage him to commit suicide.<br />He searches the internet to look for ways to commit suicide.<br />He comes up with the idea of carbon monoxide poisoning.<br />He then sends a message to Michelle Carter. She promises to stay online with him all night.<br />He drives his truck to a remote parking lot.<br />He sets up the portable generator.<br /><br />But he is a coward. He becomes afraid of dying, and gets out of the car. But he still wants to commit suicide. So he takes out his phone and calls Michelle Carter. To ask for encouragement. She is trying to be a supportive and loving girfriend. She wants to help her boyfriend. She then says what he wants to hear: get back in the truck.<br /><br />Even when he tried to stop the suicide attempt by getting out of the car, he was the one to call Michelle Carter and ask for reassurance. Michelle Carter did not call him. He called her. No one forced him to call her. No one forced him to send messages to her.<br /><br />Conrad Roy manipulated Michelle Carter into encouraging him to commit suicide.<br />He didn't care about her.<br />He didn't care about her well-being.<br />It never occurred to him what would happen to her after he committed suicide.<br />He would worry about his mother and sisters but not about his girlfriend.<br />If Conrad Roy were a good boyfriend who cared about his girlfriend, he would never commit suicide. He would instead dedicate his life in making her happy.<br />He never tries to make her happy. Because he is just using her. Because he is just manipulating her.<br />He only cared about himself.<br />He only cared about committing suicide, because he wanted to call attention to himself.<br />He wanted an accomplice for his crime.<br />If Michelle Carter had refused to help, he would have broken up with her and looked for someone else.<br />He was a coward, he didn't have the courage to commit suicide by himself, so he looked for someone to help him commit suicide.<br />Instead of going to hell alone, he dragged her with him.<br />He wanted an accomplice so he could put the blame for his actions on someone else.<br /><br />Now she is paying the price for his crime.<br />It is his responsibility, not hers.<br /><br />On the other hand, let's play the Devil's advocate and assume that Michelle Carter is evil, that she is the responsible for Conrad Roy's suicide, that she always wanted from the very beginning to kill him.<br />Is that even possible? Did Michelle Carter plan all this?<br />No matter how dumb Michelle Carter may be, certainly there are better ways to kill someone than coaxing to commit suicide!<br />If Michelle Carter really wanted to murder Conrad Roy, certainly she could have thought of a better, more straightforward way to do that , a way that doesn't leave several incriminatory text messages behind.<br />Did Michelle Carter want Conrad Roy to die with his phone by his side with her messages urging him to commit suicide?<br />Did she want his phone to be found by the police? Did she want the police to see her messages urging him to commit suicide? Did she want to go to jail? Did she plan all this?<br />This is completely ridiculous, it is highly unlikely that she planned all this.<br />Most 17-year-old girls don't know what carbon monoxide is.<br />Most 17-year-old girls don't know how to set up a portable generator.<br />Most 17-year-old girls don't even know what a generator is.<br />I don't know what a generator is.<br />Conrad Roy came up with idea of suicide.<br />Conrad Roy came up with idea of carbon monoxide poisoning.<br />Conrad Roy set up the generator.<br />Michelle Carter probably didn't even know what he was talking about.<br /><br />What would you do if someone you love tells you he/she wants to commit suicide?<br />Do you simply say "don't do it"?<br />If you keep antagonizing and denying the other person's feelings and reasonings, you will end up driving that person away. He/she will stop talking to you since you don't listen, you don't understand, you make no efforts to understand.<br />You have to be understanding and accepting and listen to the other person, let the other person talk, without being judgemental.<br /><br />Michelle Carter is not a psychologist. Even though she was correct at first in the way she handled her boyfriend, somehow she got carried away, she ended up being brain-washed by him and making the mistake of taking his side completely.<br />----<br />References<br /><br />http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4629850/Girl-texts-drove-boyfriend-suicide-enjoys-freedom.html<br />https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/22/you-may-be-jailed-for-telling-someone-to-die-in-a-fire/<br />http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4629850/Girl-texts-drove-boyfriend-suicide-enjoys-freedom.html<br />http://wcfcourier.com/opinion/columnists/can-words-be-lethal/article_1f3141e2-fede-57e8-9040-2a2ebd2a74a8.html<br />https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/22/you-may-be-jailed-for-telling-someone-to-die-in-a-fire/<br />http://people.com/crime/michelle-carter-trial-conrad-roy-aunt-speaks-out/<br />http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/06/michelle_carter_weighing_optio.html<br />https://www.yahoo.com/celebrity/michelle-carter-apos-very-disappointed-195422936.html<br />http://abcnews.go.com/US/words-kill-guilty-verdict-texting-suicide-trial-raises/story?id=48093522<br />http://www.cosmopolitan.com/politics/a10040363/michelle-carter-text-involuntary-manslaughter-verdict/<br />https://qz.com/1009681/a-new-legal-precedent-means-americans-can-go-to-jail-for-what-they-say/<br />https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/06/18/prompted-suicide-manslaughter-say/102995144/<br />https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/06/17/texting-suicide-verdict-could-set-bad-precedent-legal-experts-say/102956784/<br />https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2017/0619/Beyond-Carter-verdict-Helping-teens-battle-suicidal-thoughts<br />http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40307210<br />http://boston.cbslocal.com/2017/06/12/michelle-carter-teen-texting-suicide-trial-conrad-roy/<br />http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/12/health/text-message-suicide-trial/index.html<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-8391051741901580742017-06-07T13:22:00.001+09:002017-06-07T13:32:15.623+09:00Star Trek Fan Fiction: the adventures of Dr. Carol MarcusStar Trek Fan Fiction: the adventures of Dr. Carol Marcus.<br />
I always imagine actress Alice Eve as Dr. Marcus.<br />
Dr. Carol Marcus is a university professor of biology.<br />
She is 75-years-old. She only has 2 PhDs. The majority of people on the planet has more than 10 PhDs. She is still a minor and legally not allowed to watch porn. She is the youngest scientist in the solar system.<br />
The average human lifespan is 300 years.<br />
She is considered the most intelligent scientist in the world, the only one able to fluently speak dolphin language.<br />
She doesn't have a fixed residence. Like most people on Earth, she lives in a car. A flying car. Her car is bigger than a bus, with a toilet and bathroom.<br />
<br />
The G7 is a group consisting of the most intelligent species on the planet.<br />
The G7 includes dolphins, crows, whales, octopuses, gorillas.<br />
Human beings are not part of the G7. Many humans have vehemently protested the G7 elitism, demanding human participation in the G7. Dolphins, as always, counter-argue, claiming that the G7 discussions are "beyond human understanding".<br />
<br />
Dolphins and Vulcans are the only species that understand teletransporter technology.<br />
Teleporters are deemed too dangerous to be used by humans on Earth. Only the Star Fleet is allowed to use teleporters.<br />
<br />
Dolphin language has long been a mystery to humans. Dr. Carol Marcus is the only one who speaks it fluently. The universal translator always translates anything that dolphins say as "so long and thanks for all the fish". Scientists have fiercely debated about its meaning. Nobody knows what that sentence actually means. Dr. Marcus refuses to explain it saying that "it is beyond human understanding".<br />
Some scientists argue that Dr. Marcus is NOT refusing to explain, and that sentence actually means "it is beyond human understanding".<br />
<br />
Scientists have finally discovered what many have long suspected: dolphins are actually laughing at humans. Dolphins have always seem to be laughing at humans. That is because they are.<br />
<br />
Scientists have developed the universal translator. It consists of a pair of contact lenses. When someone speaks to you in a foreign language, the contact lenses translate and show you subtitles in your language. You will be able to see the subtitles right under the foreign speaker. Since the subtitles appear directly on the contact lenses, only you are able to see the subtitles.<br />
<br />
The universal translator not only translates human languages, but also animal languages. Dumb humans are finally able to talk to other animals.<br />
<br />
A long debate has been raging among scientist about which species first domesticated humans. Dogs and cats each claim to be the first. <br />
World-wide renowed scientist Dr. Marcus was finally called to express her opinion. She believes that horses were the first species to fully domesticate human beings.<br />
<br />
The Eugenic Wars, which is the war between humanity and genetically engineered humans led by Khan, destroyed most of the records concerning 20th and 21st century. <br />
So those centuries are now known as "The Darker Ages".<br />
<br />
Nobody knows what the middle finger gesture is. The middle finger gesture was widely used by humans during "The Darker Ages", the 20th and 21st century.<br />
Some scientists believe it meant "I love you", because many people who loved each other used to wear rings on the fingers. So the gesture was meant to show the finger so that the other person would put the ring.<br />
But other scientists dispute that claim.<br />
Dr. Marcus was called to express her opinion. She refused by saying "I am a biologist, not a historian".<br />
<br />
The president of the United States is making headlines again by insisting on being called "Mr. Piggy".<br />
Scientists have recently discovered that humans in the 21st century used to worship a pig called "Miss Piggy".<br />
The president keeps bragging that he is "the biggest pig on Earth".<br />
The opposition suspects that the president may be linked to pig supremacists, a secret criminal organization that believes pigs are the supreme species on the planet.<br />
Pigs are among the richest species on Earth, while humans have long been among the poorest.<br />
On his campaign trail the president vowed to improve the economic conditions of humans. And many humans believed and voted for him.<br />
But the opposition has fiercely argued that the current policies will only benefit the rich pigs and not humans.<br />
<br />
Hollywood Reporter has just selected the sexiest chick in Hollywood on this month's issue.<br />
Chickens have long dominated the movie industry in Hollywood, much to the chagrin of humans who this year have made less than 7% of the highest-grossing movies.<br />
Bovine Hollywood, aka Bollywood has also produced many successful films but according to the critics, in terms of sexiness the cows of India are still no match to the chicks of Hollywood.<br />
<br />
Chickens dominate Hollywood, cows dominate Bollywood but it is cats who dominate the pussy industry, also known as porn industry.<br />
Cats in Los Angeles produce more porn films than any other species in the solar system. Cats are able to spend most of their waking time either sleeping or licking themselves. No other species has been more prolific in pussy activities than cats.<br />
<br />
Researchers have found out a wildly popular website in the 21st century called YouTube. Scientists believe it was the most popular porn website in the world due to the large number of cat videos uploaded to the site.hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-66657362026802810782017-05-14T00:56:00.001+09:002017-05-14T00:56:05.451+09:00四字熟語--BEGIN--<br /> よじじゅくご【四字熟語】漢字4字で構成される熟語。特に、「以心伝心」「不言実行」など、成語として用いられる物を言う。<br /><br /> 悪事千里(あくじせんり)悪い事は、世間にあっと言う間に知れわたる。<br /> あっこうぞうごん【悪口雑言】 さんざん悪口を言うこと。いろいろののしる事。また、その言葉。罵詈 (ばり) 雑言。<br /> あんちゅうもさく【暗中模索】1 暗やみの中で、手さぐりしてあれこれ探し求めること。2 手掛かりのないまま、いろいろなことを試みること。<br /> いきしょうちん【意気消沈/意気銷沈】意気込みがすっかり衰える事。元気がなくなる事。意気阻喪 (いきそそう) 。<br /> いきとうごう【意気投合】互いの気持ちがぴったりと合うこと。<br /> いくどうおん【異口同音】多くの人が口をそろえて同じ事を言う事。多くの人の意見が一致する事。<br /> いしんでんしん【以心伝心】1 仏語。仏法の奥義を、言葉や文字を借りず師の心から弟子の心に伝えること。主に禅宗で用いる。→不立文字 (ふりゅうもんじ) 2 無言のうちに心が通じ合うこと。<br /> いちいせんしん【一意専心】わき目もふらず心を一つの事だけに注ぐ事。<br /> いちおういちらい【一往一来】行ったり来たりすること。行き来すること。<br /> いちげんこじ【一言居士】どんな事についても、なにか自分の意見を言わないと気のすまない人。いちごんこじ。<br /> いちごいちえ【一期一会】茶の湯で、茶会は毎回、一生に一度だという思いをこめて、主客とも誠心誠意、真剣に行うべきことを説いた語。転じて、一生に一度しかない出会い。一生に一度かぎりである事。<br /> いちごんはんく【一言半句】ほんの少しの言葉。片言隻句 (へんげんせっく) 。<br /> いちにちせんしゅう【一日千秋】1日が非常に長く感じられる事。待ちこがれる気持ちが著しく強い事。一日三秋。いちじつせんしゅう。<br /> いちねんほっき【一念発起】1 あることを成し遂げようと決心する。2 仏語。一心に悟りを求める心を起こすこと。<br /> いちぶしじゅう【一部始終】1 成り行きの初めから終わりまで。顛末 (てんまつ) 。一伍一什 (いちごいちじゅう) 。2 書物の初めから終わりまで全部。<br /> いちぼうせんり【一望千里】広大な眺めを一目で見渡せること。<br /> いちもんいっとう【一問一答】一つの質問に対して一つの答えをする事。転じて、質問と返答とをかわるがわる行う事。<br /> いっきいちゆう【一喜一憂】状況の変化に応じて、喜んだり心配したりすること。<br /> いっきょいちどう【一挙一動】一つ一つの挙動。ちょっとした振る舞い。一挙手一投足。<br /> いっきょりょうとく【一挙両得】一つの事を行って、同時に二つの利益を得る事。一石二鳥 (いっせきにちょう) 。一挙両全。<br /> いっこくせんきん【一刻千金】わずかな時間が千金にも相当すると言う事。楽しい時や貴重な時が過ぎやすいのを惜しんでいう語。<br /> いっしゅくいっぱん【一宿一飯】一夜の宿と1回の食事を与えられる事。通りがかりに立ち寄って世話になる事。博徒 (ばくと) などが用いた語。<br /> いっしょくそくはつ【一触即発】ちょっと触れればすぐに爆発しそうな事。危機に直面している事。危機一髪。<br /> いっしんいったい【一進一退】進んだり退いたりすること。また、事態がよくなったり悪くなったりする状態。<br /> いっしんどうたい【一心同体】二人以上の人が心を一つにして行動する事。<br /> いっしんふらん【一心不乱】心を一つの事に集中して、他の事に気をとられない事。また、そのさま。<br /> いっせいちだい【一世一代】一生に一度だけである事。特に、一生に一度の晴れがましい事。<br /> いっせきにちょう【一石二鳥】一つの事をして同時に二つの利益・効果をあげること。一挙両得。西洋のことわざTo kill two birds with one stone.(一つの石で2羽の鳥を殺す、の意)から。<br /> いっちょういっせき【一朝一夕】わずかな期間。短い時日。<br /> いっちょういったん【一長一短】長所がある一方、短所もある事。<br /> いっとうりょうだん【一刀両断】1 ひと太刀で、まっぷたつに断ち切る事。2 すみやかに、はっきりとした処置をとる事。<br /> いっとくいっしつ【一得一失】一方に得な点もあれば、他方に損な点もあること。一利一害。一失一得。<br /> いみしんちょう【意味深長】ある表現の示す内容が奥深くて含みのある事。表面上の意味のほかに別の意味が隠されている事。また、そのさま。<br /> いんがおうほう【因果応報】仏語。前世あるいは過去の善悪の行為が因となり、その報いとして現在に善悪の結果がもたらされる事。<br /> うおうさおう【右往左往】うおうざおう。うろたえてあっちへ行ったりこっちへ来たりする事。あわてふためいて混乱したさまを言う。<br /> うみせんやません【海千山千】世間の経験を多く積み、物事の裏表を知り抜いていて悪賢いこと。また、そのような人。したたか者。海に千年山に千年。海千河千。<br /> えいこせいすい【栄枯盛衰】栄えたり衰えたりする事。<br /> えきしゃさんゆう【益者三友】益者となる3種類の友人。正直な人、誠実な人、物知りな人を言う。<br /> おうごんじだい【黄金時代】1 古代ギリシャの詩人ヘシオドスが人類の歴史を金・銀・銅・鉄の4期に分けた、その第1期。地上には永遠の春が続き、幸福と平和と正義に満ちた時代とした。2 あるものの歴史の中で、それが最も繁栄した時期・時代。最盛期。<br /> おかめはちもく【傍目八目/岡目八目】第三者のほうが、物事の是非得失を当事者以上に判断できると言う事。<br /> おんこちしん【温故知新】過去の事実を研究し、そこから新しい知識や見解をひらくこと。「故 (ふる) きを温 (たず) ねて新しきを知る」と訓読する。「温」を「あたためて」と読む説もある。なお、「温古知新」と書くのは誤り。<br /> おんしんふつう【音信不通】いんしんふつう。電話や手紙などによる連絡が何もない事。<br /> かちょうふうげつ【花鳥風月】1 自然の美しい風物。2 風雅な趣を楽しむこと。風流韻事。風流。<br /> がでんいんすい【我田引水】物事を、自分に都合のいいように言ったりしたりすること。我が田へ水を引く。<br /> がりょうてんせい【画竜点睛】《中国、梁の張僧繇 (ちょうそうよう) が、金陵の安楽寺の壁にかいた竜に睛 (ひとみ) を入れたら、たちまち雲に乗って昇天したという「歴代名画記」七の故事から》最後の大事な仕上げ。また、ほんの少し手を加えることで全体が引き立つこと。<br /> かんぜんむけつ【完全無欠】欠点や不足がなくて、非のうちどころの無い事。また、そのさま。<br /> ききいっぱつ【危機一髪】髪の毛1本ほどのごくわずかな差で危機におちいりそうな危ない瀬戸際。<br /> 危急(ききゅう)存亡の秋(とき): 生き残るか滅びてしまうかと言う危ういせとぎわ。<br /> きしかいせい【起死回生】滅びかけているものや絶望的な状態のものを、立ち直らせる事。<br /> きしょうてんけつ【起承転結】1 漢詩、特に絶句の構成法。第1句の起句で詩意を言い起こし、第2句の承句でそれを受け、第3句の転句で素材を転じて発展させ、第4句の結句で全体を結ぶ。起承転合。2 物事の順序や、組み立て。<br /> 疑心(ぎしん)暗鬼を生ず: 疑う心が強くなると、なんでも無い事が恐ろしく感じられたり、うたがわしく思えたりする。<br /> きそうてんがい【奇想天外】普通では考えつかないほど、奇抜である事。また、そのさま。<br /> きどあいらく【喜怒哀楽】喜びと怒り、悲しみと楽しみ。人間のさまざまな感情。<br /> ぎゅういんばしょく【牛飲馬食】牛が水を飲み、馬がまぐさを食うように、多量に飲み食いすること。鯨飲馬食。<br /> 九死(きゅうし)に一生を得(え)る: ほとんど命が助かりそうもないところをかろうじて助かる。<br /> きゅうたいいぜん【旧態依然】もとのままで変化や進歩のないさま。<br /> きゅうてんちょっか【急転直下】事態が急転して、速やかに解決や結末に向かうこと。<br /> くうぜんぜつご【空前絶後】過去にも例がなく、将来もありえないと思われること。きわめて珍しいこと。<br /> くうりくうろん【空理空論】現実とかけ離れた、実際の役に立たない理論。<br /> ぐんしゅうしんり【群集心理】群集の中に生まれる特殊な心理状態。衝動的で興奮性が高まり、判断力や理性的思考が低下して付和雷同しやすい。<br /> こうがんむち【厚顔無恥】ずうずうしくて恥知らずなこと。また、そのさま。無恥厚顔。<br /> こうきとうらい【好機到来】またとない、よい機会がめぐってくること。絶好の機会に恵まれること。▽「好機」はちょうどよい機会、またとない機会のこと。「到来」は時機・機会の来ること。<br /> こうげんれいしょく【巧言令色】言葉を飾り、心にもなく顔つきを和らげて、人にこびへつらうこと。<br /> こうだいむへん【広大無辺】果てしなく広くて大きいこと。また、そのさま。<br /> こうへいむし【公平無私】公平で、私的な感情や利益を交えないこと。また、そのさま。<br /> こうめいせいだい【公明正大】公平で、良心に恥じるところがなく正しいこと。また、そのさま。<br /> ごえつどうしゅう【呉越同舟】仲の悪い者どうしが同じ所に居合わせたり、行動を共にしたりすること。<br /> ここんとうざい【古今東西】昔から今までと、東西四方のすべて。いつでも、どこでも<br /> こはるびより【小春日和】初冬のいかにも小春らしい穏やかで暖かい日和。<br /> ごりむちゅう【五里霧中】方向を失うこと。物事の判断がつかなくて、どうしていいか迷う事。<br /> ごんごどうだん【言語道断】1 仏語。奥深い真理は言葉で表現できないこと。2 言葉で言い表せないほどひどい事。とんでもない事。また、そのさま。もってのほか。3 言葉で言いようもないほど、りっぱなこと。また、そのさま。<br /> さいさんさいし【再三再四】「再三」を強めていう語。繰り返し何度も。<br /> さんかんしおん【三寒四温】晩秋から初春にかけて、3日間くらい寒い日が続いたのちに4日間くらい暖かい日が続き、これを繰り返すこと。中国北東部や朝鮮半島などではかなり規則的な現象としてあらわれる。<br /> さんしゃさんよう【三者三様】やり方や考え方などが、人それぞれで違うこと。三人の者がいれば、三つのさま、様子、形がある意。<br /> さんぱいきゅうはい【三拝九拝】1 三拝の礼と九拝の礼。2 何度もお辞儀をすること。3 手紙文の末尾に書いて、きわめて厚い敬意を表す語。<br /> じがじさん【自画自賛】1 自分の描いた画に、自分で賛を書くこと。自画賛。2 自分のした行為を自分で褒める事。自賛。手前味噌 (てまえみそ) 。 <br /> じきゅうじそく【自給自足】必要な物資を自分自身の力で生産して満たすこと。<br /> しくはっく【四苦八苦】1 非常に苦労、また、苦悩すること。2 仏語。人間のあらゆる苦しみ。生・老・病・死の四苦と、それに愛別離苦・怨憎会苦 (おんぞうえく) ・求不得苦 (ぐふとくく) ・五陰盛苦 (ごおんじょうく) を加えた八苦。<br /> じこあんじ【自己暗示】自分でそう思い込むことによって、それが既定の事実であるかのような意識を生じること。<br /> しこうさくご【試行錯誤】種々の方法を繰り返し試みて失敗を重ねながら解決方法を追求すること。<br /> じごうじとく【自業自得】仏語。自分の行為の報いを自分自身が受けること。一般に、悪業の報いを受けることにいう。自業自縛。<br /> じじつむこん【事実無根】根拠となる事実がまったくないこと。事実に基づいていないこと。根も葉もないこと。<br /> したさきさんずん【舌先三寸】口先だけでうまく相手をあしらうこと。また、その言葉。舌三寸。<br /> しちてんはっき【七転八起/七顛八起】何回失敗してもくじけず、立ち直ってどこまでもやりぬくこと。ななころびやおき。<br /> しちてんばっとう【七転八倒/七顛八倒】転げ回ってもがき苦しむ事。しってんばっとう。<br /> しつじつごうけん【質実剛健】飾り気がなく、まじめで、強くてたくましいこと。また、そのさま。<br /> じっちゅうはっく【十中八九】十のうちの八か九まで。副詞的にも用いる。ほとんど。おおかた。<br /> じぼうじき【自暴自棄】不満や失望などが原因で、やけになって自分の身を粗末に扱うこと。また、そのさま。<br /> しめんそか【四面楚歌】敵に囲まれて孤立し、助けがないこと。周囲の者が反対者ばかりであること。<br /> じゃくにくきょうしょく【弱肉強食】弱者が強者の犠牲になること。強い者が弱い者を餌食 (えじき) にして栄えること。<br /> じゅうおうむじん【縦横無尽】どの方面にも限りがないこと。物事を思う存分にすること。また、そのさま。<br /> しゅうしいっかん【終始一貫】態度・状態などが、始めから終わりまでずっと変わらないこと。<br /> じゆうじざい【自由自在】思いのままにするさま。思いのままにできるさま。 じゅうにんといろ【十人十色】考え方や好みなどが各人それぞれに違っていること。<br /> 十年(じゅうねん)一昔(ひとむかし): 世の中は移り変わりが激しく、10年もたつともう昔のこととなってしまう。また、歳月の流れを、10年をひと区切りとして考えること。<br /> しゅかくてんとう【主客転倒/主客顛倒】主と客の力関係が逆になること。物事の軽重・本末などを取り違えること。<br /> しゅしゃせんたく【取捨選択】必要なものを選び取り、不要なものを捨てること。<br /> しゅびいっかん【首尾一貫】方針や考え方などが始めから終わりまで変わらないで、筋が通っていること。<br /> しようまっせつ【枝葉末節】中心から外れた事柄。本質的でない、取るに足りない事柄。<br /> しんきいってん【心機一転】何かをきっかけにして、気持ちがすっかり変わること。<br /> しんしょうぼうだい【針小棒大】小さい事柄を大げさに誇張して言いたてること。また、そのさま。<br /> じんせきみとう【人跡未踏】人がまだ足を踏み入れたことがないこと。<br /> しんらばんしょう【森羅万象】宇宙に存在する一切のもの。あらゆる事物・現象。しんらまんぞう。<br /> せいこううどく【晴耕雨読】晴れた日には田畑を耕し、雨の日には家にこもって読書をすること。悠々自適の生活を送る事を言う。<br /> せいてんはくじつ【青天白日】1 よく晴れ渡った天気。2 心にいささかも後ろ暗いところがないこと。3 無罪であることが明らかになること。<br /> せいじんくんし【聖人君子】知識や徳の優れた、高潔で理想的な人物。<br /> せいしんせいい【誠心誠意】うそいつわりなく、真心をもって事に当たること。副詞的にも用いる。<br /> せっさたくま【切磋琢磨】学問をし、徳を修めるために、努力に努力を重ねること。また、友人どうしで励まし合い競い合って向上すること。<br /> ぜったいぜつめい【絶体絶命】どうにも逃れようのない、差し迫った状態や立場にあること。<br /> せんざいいちぐう【千載一遇】千年に一度しかめぐりあえないほどまれな機会。<br /> せんさばんべつ【千差万別】種々さまざまの違いがあること。また、そのさま。千種万様。せんさまんべつ。<br /> ぜんじんみとう【前人未踏/前人未到】今までだれも足を踏み入れていないこと。また、だれもその境地に到達していないこと。<br /> ぜんだいみもん【前代未聞】今までに一度も聞いたことがないこと。非常に珍しいこと、程度のはなはだしいことにいう。<br /> ぜんちぜんのう【全知全能】すべてを理解し、どんなことでも行える能力。<br /> ぜんとたなん【前途多難】目的の達成まで障害の多いこと。将来に多くの困難が予想されること。また、そのさま。<br /> ぜんとようよう【前途洋洋】先行きが開け、未来に希望のもてるさま。<br /> せんぺんばんか【千変万化】さまざまに変化すること。<br /> そういくふう【創意工夫】考えをめぐらせて、新しい方法や手段を見つけ出すこと。また、その方法や手段。<br /> たいきばんせい【大器晩成】大きな器が早く出来上がらないように、大人物は世に出るまでに時間がかかるということ。<br /> たいぎめいぶん【大義名分】1 人として、また臣として守るべき道義と節度。2 行動のよりどころとなる道理。また、事を起こすにあたっての根拠。<br /> たいげんそうご【大言壮語】実力不相応な大きなことを言うこと。また、その言葉。<br /> だいたんふてき【大胆不敵】度胸があって、恐れを知らないこと。また、そのさま。<br /> だいどうしょうい【大同小異】小さな違いはあっても、大体が同じであること。また、そのさま。<br /> たしゅたよう【多種多様】種類が多く、さまざまであること。また、そのようなさま。<br /> たんじゅんめいかい【単純明快】文章や物事が、すっきりしていて分かりやすいこと。<br /> たんとうちょくにゅう【単刀直入】直接に要点を突くこと。遠回しでなく、すぐに本題に入ること。また、そのさま。<br /> ちょうさんぼし【朝三暮四】1 目先の違いに気をとられて、実際は同じであるのに気がつかないこと。また、うまい言葉や方法で人をだますこと。朝四暮三。<br /> ちょうれいぼかい【朝令暮改】朝に出した命令を夕方にはもう改めること。方針などが絶えず変わって定まらないこと。朝改暮変。<br /> てきざいてきしょ【適材適所】その人の適性や能力に応じて、それにふさわしい地位・仕事に就かせること。<br /> てきしゃせいぞん【適者生存】《survival of the fittest》生存競争で環境に最も適したものだけが生き残って子孫を残しうること。スペンサーの造語で、ダーウィンが「種の起源」で自然選択より的確な語であると述べた。<br /> てっとうてつび【徹頭徹尾】最初から最後まで。あくまでも。終始。<br /> でんこうせっか【電光石火】1 稲妻や火打ち石が発する閃光 (せんこう) 。きわめて短い時間のたとえ。2 動作が、きわめて速いこと。すばやいこと。<br /> てんぺんちい【天変地異】天変と地異。自然界に起こる異変。台風・地震・洪水など。<br /> どうこういきょく【同工異曲】1 詩文などを作る技量は同じであるが、趣が異なること。転じて、音楽を演奏する手法は同じであるが、味わいが異なること。異曲同工。2 外見は違っているようだが、内容は同じであること。異曲同工。<br /> とうほんせいそう【東奔西走】あちこち忙しく走りまわること。<br /> とくいまんめん【得意満面】得意そうな気持ちが顔じゅうに満ちあふれること。また、そのさま。<br /> どくりつどっぽ【独立独歩】1 他人にたよらず、自分の信じるところに従って行動すること。独立独行。2 他に並ぶもののないこと。<br /> なんせんほくば【南船北馬】絶えず旅していること。各地をせわしく旅すること。東奔西走。<br /> にそくさんもん【二束三文/二足三文】数量が多くても、値段がごく安いこと。また、ひどく安い値段。<br /> にっしんげっぽ【日進月歩】日ごと月ごとに絶えず進歩すること。<br /> ににんさんきゃく【二人三脚】1 二人が一組みになって横に並び、隣り合う足をひもで結んで、3脚で走ること。また、その競技。2 両者が協力して物事を行うこと。<br /> はがんいっしょう【破顔一笑】顔をほころばせて、にっこり笑うこと。<br /> はくがくたさい【博学多才】広く諸学に通じ、才能が豊かであること。<br /> はくりたばい【薄利多売】品物一つ当たりの利益を少なくし、たくさん売ることで、全体の利益を多くすること。<br /> ばじとうふう【馬耳東風】かぐわしい春風が馬の耳を吹きぬけても、馬になんの感動もないこと。他人の忠言や批評などを聞いてもまったく心に留めず、少しも反省しないことのたとえ。<br /> はっぽうびじん【八方美人】だれに対しても如才なく振る舞うこと。また、その人。非難の気持ちを込めて用いる事が多い。<br /> はんしはんしょう【半死半生】死にかかっていること。もう少しで死にそうなようす。<br /> はんしんはんぎ【半信半疑】信じられそうでもあるが、疑わしく思う気持ちもあって、どちらとも心の決まらない状態。<br /> はんめんきょうし【反面教師】悪い見本として反省や戒めの材料となる物事。また、そのような人。<br /> ひゃくせんひゃくしょう【百戦百勝】100回戦って100回勝つこと。戦うたびに勝つこと。<br /> ひゃっぱつひゃくちゅう【百発百中】1 放った矢や弾丸が必ず命中すること。2 計画や予想がすべて当たること。<br /> ひんこうほうせい【品行方正】行いがきちんとしていて正しいこと。また、そのさま。<br /> ふげんじっこう【不言実行】文句や理屈を言わずに、黙ってなすべきことを実行すること。<br /> ふしょうぶしょう【不承不承】気が進まないままにするさま。いやいや。しぶしぶ。不請不請。<br /> ふみんふきゅう【不眠不休】眠りも休みもしないこと。<br /> ふわらいどう【付和雷同】一定の主義・主張がなく、安易に他の説に賛成すること。<br /> ぼういんぼうしょく【暴飲暴食】度を過ごして飲食すること。むやみに飲んだり食べたりすること。<br /> ぼうじゃくぶじん【傍若無人/旁若無人】人のことなどまるで気にかけず、自分勝手に振る舞うこと。また、そのさま。<br /> ほんまつてんとう【本末転倒】根本的で重要なこととささいでつまらないことを取り違えること。<br /> みっかてんか【三日天下】みっかでんか。きわめて短い間だけ権力を握ること。<br /> みっかぼうず【三日坊主】物事に飽きやすく、長続きしないこと。また、その人。<br /> むがむちゅう【無我夢中】何かに心を奪われ、われを忘れること。<br /> むみかんそう【無味乾燥】おもしろみも風情もないこと。また、そのさま。<br /> めいじついったい【名実一体】名目と実体が一致していること。▽「名」は表向きの名目や評判のこと。「実」は実体・実質。「一体」は一つのからだ、一つのものの意。<br /> もんがいふしゅつ【門外不出】貴重な芸術品などで、めったに他人に見せたり貸したりせず秘蔵すること。また、その物。<br /> ゆうげんじっこう【有言実行】発言したことを責任をもって実践すること。<br /> ゆうじゅうふだん【優柔不断】気が弱く決断力に乏しいこと。また、そのさま。<br /> ゆうめいむじつ【有名無実】名ばかりで、それに伴う実質のないこと。また、そのさま。<br /> 油断大敵(ゆだんたいてき): 油断は失敗のもとであるから、大敵である。油断して失敗を招くのを戒めた言葉。<br /> よういしゅうとう【用意周到】用意が行き届いて、手ぬかりがないこと。また、そのさま。<br /> 羊頭狗肉(ようとうくにく)。羊頭(ようとう)を掲げて狗肉(くにく)を売る: 羊の頭を看板に出し、実際には犬の肉を売る。外見と内容が違うこと、見せかけが立派でも実質がそれに伴わないことのたとえ。<br /> りがいとくしつ【利害得失】利益と損害。手に入れたものと失ったもの。 <br /> りごうしゅうさん【離合集散/離合聚散】人々がより集まって仲間をつくったり、また別々に分かれたりすること。<br /> りっしんしゅっせ【立身出世】社会的に高い地位を得て、世に認められること。<br /> りゅうとうだび【竜頭蛇尾】初めは勢いがよいが、終わりは振るわないこと。<br /> りろせいぜん【理路整然】物事が道理にきちんとあてはまっているさま。話などの筋道が整っているさま。<br /> りんきおうへん【臨機応変】その時その場に応じて、適切な手段をとること。また、そのさま。<br /> ろうにゃくなんにょ【老若男女】老人も若者も、男も女も含む、あらゆる人々。hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-69177278024993241592017-04-22T02:14:00.002+09:002017-04-22T02:14:48.646+09:00Why we need diversityThere is a scientific argument for diversity. Diversity is absolutely necessary for life to thrive. Without diversity, living beings eventually end up dying.<br />If all human beings were genetically the same, we would all be equally weak to a common threat.<br />The Black Death killed 60% of the European population in the middle ages, but 40% survived because they were genetically immune.<br />Without diversity humanity would be extinct long ago.<br />With enough diversity, there will always be people able to survive, no matter the threat.<br />Diversity is the key for humanity's long-term survival and prosperity.hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-45580492002038479702017-03-25T02:19:00.002+09:002017-03-25T02:19:27.678+09:00Japanese idiomsLet's learn some Japanese idioms.<br />----<br />肩で風を切る(kata de kaze o kiru): to walk with pride and arrogance.<br /><br />Literally it means to "cut the wind with the shoulders".<br /><br />Unfortunately I don't know where this expression comes from.<br />But I suspect it has something to do with 裃(kamishimo), the formal attire of a samurai, where the shoulders are made to look bigger:<br />http://shopping.c.yimg.jp/lib/kameya/nm-7829-4.gif<br /><br />I think the expression may have come from this attire, because it is a formal attire used only on special occasions, so the samurai would try to look as imposing as possible.<br />But I may be wrong, I am not sure...<br />----<br />顔から火が出る(kao kara hi ga deru): to feel mortified with embarassment.<br /><br />Literally it means to have "fire coming from the face".<br /><br />Even though it is considered an idiom, I think it is easy to see where this expression comes from.<br />Intense embarassment can cause blushing which is caused by the flux of blood to the face. And that can also cause the face to become hot.<br />----<br />鎬を削る(shinogi o kezuru)<br />火花を散らす(hibana o chirasu)<br /><br />Both expressions above have the same meaning: to fight desperately.<br />And both expression come from the same source: to fight with swords.<br /><br />鎬 (shinogi) is the central part of the blade of a sword.<br />削る (kezuru) means to shave, to cut off, to sharpen.<br /><br />So 鎬を削る literally means to shave the blade, to sharpen the blade.<br /><br />火花(hibana) means "sparks".<br />散らす(chirasu) means to scatter, to disperse, to spread.<br /><br />Contrary to what is depicted in movies, a real sword fight should produce lots of sparks at every strike.<br />https://youtu.be/YhCHw0Ovqf4<br /><br />So if your Japanese friend tells you he (or she) wants "to sharpen the blade" he/she either wants to kill you or... wants to have sex with you! Either way you are in trouble! (yes, it is a lame joke)<br />----<br />後ろ髪を引かれる(ushirogami o hikareru): to hesitate, to feel reluctant, to be unable to let go, to feel regret.<br /><br />Literally it means "to have one's hair pulled from behind", and consequently being unable to walk forward.<br />http://kotowaza.avaloky.com/pv_wea29_01.html<br /><br />Nowadays most men have short hair in Japan, but in ancient times most people, including men, had long hair, so pony tails were quite common.<br /><br />Why men would cut the front hair and become bald on purpose is a mystery to me though...<br />http://2933usagi.c.blog.so-net.ne.jp/_images/blog/_7a0/2933usagi/2011.01.12-6-4b23b.jpg<br />----<br />油を売る(abura o uru): waste time in idle conversation; dawdle.<br /><br />It literally means "to sell oil".<br /><br />According to the dictionary, it comes from the oil peddlers of the Edo era, who used to chat with customers for a long time, while selling hair oil.<br /><br />So next time you see your Japanese friend goofing around tell him to "stop selling oil and go back to work"!<br />----<br />地団駄を踏む(jidanda o fumu): to stomp one's feet on the ground due to anger or frustration.<br /><br />https://img.clipartfest.com/a0973f4bd5f77c38d8a4bc9684fb71b8_-angry-businessman-stomping-angry-stomping-clipart_816-1600.jpeg<br />https://img.clipartfest.com/c717f850532ddbf7d1951d5368feb19f_cartoon-clipart-a-little-girl-stomp-your-feet-clipart_799-1024.jpeg<br /><br />But the literal meaning of 地団駄を踏む is "to stomp on bellows".<br /><br />じだんだ or じたたら or たたら was a kind of bellows used by ancient blacksmiths and was operated by foot.<br />A bellows is a device the intensifies fire by blowing air into it.<br />https://youtu.be/tZKOCdTrgeg<br />https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOaMvsY56luIlr5lMF2TqDPpqnXsS_OZnsQMxQYmhkJwPnBr0ewOT3PfSRpc-fT6H4FbG-NiM72SOCxvU66y1FPJnr4FLugmWsmKuoLEXZxzXuRd5UMUqR3HBln1k0rLcbzMYL87Fa/s1600/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%EF%BC%92.jpg<br />http://shobara-info.sakura.ne.jp/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/IMG_1677.jpg<br /><br />Children all over the world seem to stomp their feet on the ground when they are angry... It seems to be an universal behaviour.<br />Probably because of the similarities, people started to describe this behaviour as "stomping on bellows".<br />----<br />相槌を打つ(aizuchi o utsu)<br /><br />The best definition I found is the following:<br />"conversation gap filler — short and quick responses made while listening to someone to show your interest or willingness to hear their story or to encourage the speaker to keep talking"<br />http://maggiesensei.com/2015/04/15/%E7%9B%B8%E6%A7%8C-%E3%81%82%E3%81%84%E3%81%A5%E3%81%A1-aizuchi-gap-filler/<br /><br />槌(tsuchi) means "hammer".<br />相槌を打つ literally means "to strike a hammer in turns".<br />It is when two or more people strike the same object with a hammer in turns repeatedly.<br />It is a very common sight when making rice cake (餅 mochi) in the traditional way:<br />https://youtu.be/JxBnZJ-PxgM<br /><br />But the expression 相槌を打つ was probably used to describe when two people bow to each other repeatedly in turns, pretty much resembling the hammer situation.<br /><br />I tried to find a good YouTube video to show this, but the best video I could find was this:<br />https://youtu.be/WqaaPqU0RHw<br />Maybe someone can find a better video?<br /><br />The expression 相槌を打つ was probably later used to describe the quick responses used in conversation to indicate the listener is paying attention.<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-29521310013829974692017-03-08T02:04:00.001+09:002017-03-08T02:04:16.028+09:00Swedish--BEGIN--<br />Hej! Hello!<br />Tack! Thanks!<br />Hur mår du? How are you?<br />Kanon! Great!<br />Vad heter du? What's your name?<br />Jag heter Mia. My name is Mia.<br />Vad trevligt! How nice!<br />Vi ses! See you!<br />----<br />Hello. Hej.<br />Good evening. Hej.<br />Goodbye. Hejdå.<br />See you later. Vi ses.<br />Yes. Ja.<br />No. Nej.<br />Excuse me! Skulle du kunna.<br />Thanks. Tack!<br />Thanks a lot. Tack så mycket!<br />Thank you for your help. Tack för hjälpen.<br />Don't mention it. Varsågod.<br />Ok. Okej.<br />How much is it? Hur mycket kostar det?<br />Sorry! Förlåt!<br />I don't understand. Jag förstår inte.<br />I get it. Jag förstår.<br />I don't know. Jag vet inte.<br />Forbidden. Förbjudet.<br /><br />Excuse me, where are the toilets?<br />Ursäkta mig, var finns detEn toalett?<br /><br />Happy New Year! Gott Nytt År!<br />Happy birthday! Grattis på födelsedagen!<br />Happy holiday! Trevliga helgdagar.<br />Congratulations! Gratulerar!<br />----<br />Hello. How are you?<br />Hej. Hur mår du?<br /><br />Hello. I'm fine, thank you.<br />Hej. Jag mår bra, tack.<br /><br />Do you speak Swedish?<br />Talar du svenska?<br /><br />No, I don't speak Swedish.<br />Nej, jag talar inte svenska<br /><br />Only a little bit. <br />Bara lite.<br /><br />Where do you come from?<br />Vilket land kommer du ifrån?<br /><br />What is your nationality?<br />Vilken nationalitet är du?<br /><br />I am English.<br />Jag är engelsman.<br /><br />And you, do you live here?<br />Och du, bor du här?<br /><br />Yes, I live here.<br />Ja, jag bor här<br /><br />My name is Sarah, what's your name?<br />Jag heter Sara. Vad heter du?<br /><br />Julian. Julien.<br /><br />What are you doing here?<br />Vad gör du här?<br /><br />I am on holiday.<br />Jag är på semester<br /><br />We are on holiday.<br />Vi är på semester<br /><br />I am on a business trip.<br />Jag är på affärsresa<br /><br />I work here.<br />Jag arbetar här<br /><br />We work here.<br />Vi arbetar här<br /><br />Where are the good places to go out and eat?<br />Vad finns det för bra ställen att äta på?<br /><br />Is there a museum in the neighbourhood?<br />Finns det något museum i närheten?<br /><br />Where could I get an internet connection?<br />Var finns det internetanslutning?<br />----<br />Excuse me, is Sarah here?<br />Är Sara här?<br /><br />Yes, she's here.<br />Ja, hon är här<br /><br />She's out.<br />Hon gick ut<br /><br />You can call her on her mobile phone.<br />Ni kan ringa henne på hennes mobil<br /><br />Do you know where I could find her?<br />Vet ni var jag skulle kunna få tag på henne?<br /><br />She is at work. Hon är på jobbet.<br />She is at home. Hon är hemma.<br />Excuse me, is Julien here? Är Julien här?<br /><br />Yes, he's here. Ja, han är här.<br />He's out. Han gick ut.<br /><br />Do you know where I could find him? <br />Vet ni var jag skulle kunna få tag på honom?<br /><br />You can call him on his mobile phone. <br />Ni kan ringa honom på hans mobil.<br /><br />He is at work. Han är på jobbet<br />He is at home. Han är hemma.<br />----<br />When did you get here?<br />När kom du hit?<br /><br />Today. Idag.<br />Yesterday. Igår.<br />Two days ago. För två dagar sedan.<br /><br />How long are you staying for?<br />Hur länge skall du stanna?<br /><br />I'm leaving tomorrow. <br />Jag åker imorgon.<br /><br />I'll be leaving the day after tomorrow.<br />Jag åker i övermorgon<br /><br />I'll be leaving in three days.<br />Jag åker om tre dagar.<br /><br />Monday. Måndag<br />Tuesday. Tisdag<br />Wednesday. Onsdag<br />Thursday. Torsdag<br />Friday. Fredag<br />Saturday. Lördag<br />Sunday. Söndag<br /><br />January. Januari<br />February. Februari<br />March. Mars<br />April. April<br />May. Maj<br />June. Juni<br />July. Juli<br />August. Augusti<br />September. September<br />October. Oktober<br />November. November<br />December. December<br /><br />What time are you leaving at?<br />Hur dags åker du?<br /><br />Morning, at eight o'clock. <br />På morgonen, klockan åtta.<br /><br />Morning, at a quarter past 8. <br />På morgonen, klockan kvart över åtta.<br /><br />Morning, at half past 8. <br />På morgonen, klockan halv nio<br /><br />Morning, at a quarter to nine.<br />På morgonen, klockan kvart i nio<br /><br />Evening, at 6pm.<br />På kvällen, klockan sex<br /><br />I am late.<br />Jag är sen<br />----<br />Is this table taken?<br />Är bordet ledigt?<br /><br />I would like the menu, please.<br />Kan jag få menyn, tack.<br /><br />What would you recommend?<br />Vad kan ni rekommendera?<br /><br />I'd like a beer.<br />Jag ska be att fåEn öl.<br /><br />I'd like a mineral water.<br />Jag ska be att fåEn mineralvatten.<br /><br />I'd like an orange juice.<br />Jag ska be att fåEn apelsinjuice.<br /><br />I'd like a coffee.<br />Jag ska be att fåEn kaffe.<br /><br />I'd like a coffee with milk.<br />Jag ska be att fåEn kaffe med mjölk.<br /><br />With sugar, please.<br />Med socker, tack.<br /><br />I'd like a tea.<br />Jag skulle vilja haEn te.<br /><br />I'd like a tea with lemon.<br />Jag skulle vilja haEn te med citron.<br /><br />I'd like a tea with milk.<br />Jag skulle vilja haEn te med mjölk.<br /><br />Do you have cigarettes?<br />Har ni cigaretter?<br /><br />Do you have an ashtray?<br />Har niEn askkopp?<br /><br />Do you have a light?<br />Har ni eld?<br /><br />I'm missing a fork.<br />Jag har ingen gaffel.<br /><br />I'm missing a knife.<br />Jag har ingen kniv.<br /><br />I'm missing a spoon.<br />Jag har ingen sked.<br />----<br />An apple juice, please.<br />En äppeljuice, tack.<br /><br />A lemonade, please.<br />En lemonad / läsk, tack.<br /><br />A tomato juice, please.<br />En tomatjuice, tack.<br /><br />I'd like a glass of red wine.<br />Jag skulle vilja ha ett glas rött vin.<br /><br />I'd like a glass of white wine.<br />Jag skulle vilja ha ett glas vitt vin.<br /><br />I'd like a bottle of champagne.<br />Jag skulle vilja haEn flaska mousserande vin.<br /><br />Do you like fish?<br />Tycker du om fisk?<br /><br />Do you like beef?<br />Tycker du om nötkött?<br /><br />Do you like pork?<br />Tycker du om griskött?<br /><br />I'd like something without meat.<br />Jag skulle vilja ha något utan kött.<br /><br />I'd like some mixed vegetables.<br />Jag skulle vilja haEn grönsakstallrik.<br /><br />I'd like something that won't take much time.<br />Jag skulle vilja ha något som inte tar lång tid.<br /><br />Would you like that with rice?<br />Vill ni ha ris till det?<br /><br />Would you like that with pasta?<br />Vill ni ha nudlar till det?<br /><br />Would you like that with potatoes?<br />Vill ni ha potatis till det?<br /><br />That doesn't taste good.<br />Det där tycker jag inte om.<br /><br />The food is cold.<br />Maten är kall.<br /><br />I didn't order this.<br />Det där har jag inte beställt.<br />----<br />I jag<br />you du<br />he han<br />she hon<br />we vi<br />they de/dom<br /><br />me. mig<br />you. du<br />him. honom<br />her. hennes<br />us. oss<br />them. dem/dom<br /><br />my. min<br />your. din<br />his. hans<br />her. hennes<br />our. vår<br />their. deras<br /><br />mine. min<br />yours. din<br />his. hans<br />hers. hennes<br />ours. vår<br />theirs. deras<br />----<br />I speak.jag talar<br />you speak. du talar<br />he speaks. han talar<br />she speaks. hon talar<br />we speak. vi talar<br />they speak. de talar<br /><br />give me. ge mig<br />give you. ge dig<br />give him. ge honom<br />give her. ge henne<br />give us. ge oss<br />give them. ge dem<br /><br />my book. min bok<br />your book. din bok<br />his book. hans bok<br />her book. hennes bok<br />our bookv. år bok<br />their book. deras bok<br />----<br />Vara. To Be.<br />Jag är. I am.<br />Du är. You are.<br />Han (Hon/Den/Det) är. He (She/It) is.<br />Vi är. We are.<br />Ni är. You are.<br />De är. They are.<br />----<br />Spela.To Play.<br />Jag spelar. I play.<br />Du spelar. You play.<br />Han (Hon/Den/Det) spelar. He (She/It) plays.<br />Vi spelar. We play.<br />Ni spelar. You play.<br />De spelar. They play.<br />----<br />Spela. To Play<br />Jag spelade. I played.<br />Du spelade. You played.<br />Han (Hon/Den/Det) spelade. He (She/It) played.<br />Vi spelade. We played.<br />Ni spelade. You played.<br />De spelade. They played.<br />----<br />Hjälpa. To Help.<br />Jag hjälpte. I helped.<br />Du hjälpte. You helped.<br />Han (Hon/Den/Det) hjälpte. He (She/It) helped.<br />Vi hjälpte. We helped.<br />Ni hjälpte. You helped.<br />De hjälpte. They helped.<br />----<br />Jag kommer att spela.<br />I will play.<br />----<br />God dag. good day.<br />god morgon. good morning<br />god kväll. good evening<br /><br />Hej. Hur mår du?<br />Hi. How are you?<br /><br />Bara bra, tack. <br />Just fine, thanks. <br /><br />Förlåt, jag har glömt, varifrån kommer du nu igen?<br />Sorry, I have forgotten, where are you from now again?<br /><br />Jag kommer från Sverige. <br />I'm from Sweden. <br /><br />Varifrån kommer du?<br />Where do you come from?<br /><br />Jag är amerikansk<br />I am American<br /><br />jag kommer från USA.<br />I'm from the USA.<br /><br />Ja, just det! <br />Oh, that's right! <br /><br />Förlåt, vad heter du igen?<br />Sorry, what's your name again?<br /><br />Jag heter Peter och du heter Sven.<br />My name is Peter and your name is Sven.<br /><br />Tack. Vi ses!<br />Thank you. See you later!<br />----<br />Hur är det? How is it?<br />Hur mår du? How are you?<br />Var bor du? Where do you live?<br />Jag bor i ___. I live in ___<br />Vad heter du? What's your name?<br />Jag heter ___. My name is ___<br />Varifrån kommer du? Where are you from?<br />Jag kommer ifrån ___. I'm from ___.<br />Och du [själv]? And you?<br />Ha det bra! Have a nice day!<br />Vi ses! See you (later)!<br />Vi hörs! We'll keep in touch!<br />Tack! Thanks!<br />Jag har glömt. I've forgotten<br />----<br />Bra. Good.<br />Förlåt. Sorry. Literally "pardon (me)".<br />Igen. Again.<br />Och. And.<br /><br />Amerika. America<br />Chile. Chile<br />England. England<br />Kina. China<br />Italien. Italy<br />Nederländerna. Netherlands<br />Peru. Peru<br />Polen. Poland<br />Somalien. Somalia<br />Sverige. Sweden<br />Tyskland. Germany<br />Tjeckien. Czech Republic<br />Turkiet. Turkey<br />Ungern. Hungary<br />Vietnam. Vietnam<br />Japan. Japan<br />Sydkorea. South Korea<br />Nordkorea. North Korea<br />Spanien. Spain<br />----<br />Ursäkta mig. Excuse me. <br /><br />Vet du var husvagnscampingen ligger?<br />Do you know where the caravan camp is located?<br /><br />Ja, det är bara att följa den här vägen 5 kilometer och sedan svänga åt vänster.<br />Yes, just follow this road for 5 kilometers and then turn left.<br /><br />Tack så mycket!<br />Thank you very much! <br /><br />Jag har letat i flera timmar.<br />I have been looking for several hours.<br /><br />Det är ingen fara. <br />Don't worry about it.<br /><br />Fin husvagn förresten. <br />Nice caravan by the way. <br /><br />Varifrån kommer du?<br />Where are you from?<br /><br />Jag kommer från Tyskland och är här i Sverige på semester över sommaren, som du kanske förstod.<br />I'm from Germany and I'm here in Sweden on vacation during the summer, as you might have imagined.<br /><br />Jo, det är ju många tyskar som kommer hit under sommaren.<br />Yes, there are many Germans coming here during the summer.<br /><br />Kanske för att Sverige är så underbart. <br />Maybe because Sweden is so wonderful. <br /><br />Hur som helst måste jag åka nu.<br />Anyhow I have to go now. <br /><br />Tack så mycket för hjälpen igen!<br />Thanks so much for the help again!<br /><br />Ha en trevlig semester. <br />Have a pleasant vacation. <br /><br />Hej då!<br />Good bye!<br />----<br />En bil - A car<br />Ett tåg - A train<br />En järnvägstation - A train station<br />En buss - A bus<br />En biljett - A ticket<br />En maskin - A machine<br />En biljettmaskin - A ticket machine<br />En karta - A Map<br />En bilkarta - A Roadmap<br />----<br />Fråga mig om någonting.<br />Ask me about something.<br /><br />Vilka är dina intressen?<br />What are your interests?<br /><br />Jag gillar att spela fotboll och ishockey på min fritid.<br />I like to play football and ice hockey in my spare time.<br /><br />Vad är din hobby?<br />What is your hobby?<br /><br />Vad gillar du att göra?<br />What do you like to do?<br /><br />Jag gillar schack.<br />I like chess.<br /><br />Jag föredrar datorspel.<br />I prefer computer games.<br /><br />Min hobby är fotboll.<br />Football is my hobby.<br /><br />Matematik är roligt.<br />Maths is fun.<br /><br />Ordlista. Vocabulary.<br /><br />Roligt. Fun<br />Intresse. Interest<br />Att dansa. to Dance<br />Att sjunga. to Sing<br />Att gilla. to Like<br />Att tycka om. to Like<br />----<br />parents.föräldrar".<br />----<br />Moder (arch. mother)<br />Mor (mother)<br />Mamma (mom)<br />Morsa (mom, casual)<br />----<br />Fader (arch. father)<br />Far (father)<br />Pappa (dad)<br />Farsa (dad, casual)<br />Farsgubben (old man)<br />----<br />syskon.siblings<br />---<br />Broder (arch. brother)<br />Bror (brother)<br />Brorsa (bro)<br />---<br />Syster (sister)<br />Syrra (sis)<br />----<br />My brothers and sisters<br />Mina syskon<br />---<br />Children. barn<br />---<br />Son (son)<br />Pojke (boy)<br />Gosse (young boy)<br />Kille (casual form of boy; also guy for adults)<br />---<br />Dotter (daughter)<br />Flicka (girl)<br />Tjej (casual form of girl; also girl/chick for adults)<br />----<br />maternal grandparents<br />morföräldrar<br /><br />Mormor (maternal grandmother)<br />Morfar (maternal grandfather)<br />----<br />paternal grandparents<br />farföräldrar<br />----<br />Farmor (paternal grandmother)<br />Farfar (paternal grandfather)<br />----<br />Vad kostar den/det?<br />How much is it?<br /><br />Den kostar... It costs... <br /><br />Choklad. Chocolate. <br /><br />Får man prova den/det?<br />Can I try it?<br /><br />Ursäkta, kan du hjälpa mig?<br />Excuse me, can you help me?<br />----<br />livingroom: vardagsrum(met)<br />kitchen : kök(et)<br />bedroom : sovrum(met)<br />bathroom : badrum(met)<br />toilet : toalett(en)<br />kids room : barnkammare(n)<br />dining room : matsal(en)<br />hall : hall(en)<br />attic : vind(en)<br />cellar : källare(en)<br />sauna : bastu(n)<br />----<br />I. jag<br />I and you.jag och du<br />both of us. vi två<br />he. han<br />he and she. han och hon<br />they both. de båda<br />the man. mannen<br />the woman. kvinnan<br />the child. barnet<br />a family. en familj<br />my family. min familj<br />My family is here. Min familj är här.<br />I am here. Jag är här.<br />You are here. Du är här.<br />He is here and she is here. Han är här och hon är här.<br />We are here. Vi är här.<br />You are here. Ni är här.<br />They are all here. De är alla här.<br />----<br />Blå (blått). Blue.<br />Grön (grönt). Green.<br />Gul (gult). Yellow.<br />Röd (rött). Red.<br />Svart. Black.<br />Vit (vitt). White.<br />Grå (grått). Grey.<br />Brun (brunt). Brown.<br />Lila. Purple (not lilac).<br />Purpur. Crimson (not purple).<br />Scharlakan. Scarlet.<br />Violett. Violet.<br />Rosa or skär (skärt). Pink.<br />Turkos (turkost). Turquoise.<br />Orange ("oransch" ("oranscht")) or brandgul (-t). Orange.<br />Beige ("besch" ("bescht")). Beige.<br />Cyan. Cyan.<br />Magenta. Magenta.<br />----<br />the grandfather.morfadern, farfadern<br />the grandmother. mormodern, farmodern<br />he and she. han och hon<br />the father. fadern<br />the mother. modern<br />he and she. han och hon<br />the son. sonen<br />the daughter. dottern<br />he and she. han och hon<br />the brother. brodern<br />the sister. systern<br />he and she. han och hon<br />the uncle. farbrodern, morbrodern<br />the aunt. fastern, mostern<br />he and she. han och hon<br />We are a family. Vi är en familj.<br />The family is not small. Familjen är inte liten.<br />The family is big. Familjen är stor.<br />----<br />Hi! Hej!<br />Hello! God dag!<br />How are you? Hur står det till?<br />Do you come from Europe? Kommer ni från Europa?<br />Do you come from America? Kommer ni från Amerika?<br />Do you come from Asia? Kommer ni från Asien?<br /><br />In which hotel are you staying?<br />På vilket hotell bor ni?<br /><br />How long have you been here for?<br />Hur länge har ni varit här?<br /><br />How long will you be staying?<br />Hur länge stannar ni?<br /><br />Do you like it here?<br />Trivs ni bra här?<br /><br />Are you here on vacation?<br />Är ni semester här?<br /><br />Please do visit me sometime!<br />Kom och hälsa på mig någon gång!<br /><br />Here is my address.<br />Här är min adress.<br /><br />Shall we see each other tomorrow?<br />Ses vi imorgon?<br /><br />I am sorry, but I already have plans.<br />Tyvärr, jag har annat för mig.<br /><br />Bye! Hej då!<br />Good bye! Adjö!<br />See you soon! Vi ses snart!<br /><br />Where are we? Var är vi?<br />We are at school. Vi är i skolan.<br />We are having class / a lesson. Vi har lektion.<br /><br />Those are the school children.<br />Det där är eleverna.<br /><br />That is the teacher.<br />Det där är lärarinnan.<br /><br />That is the class.<br />Det där är klassen.<br /><br />What are we doing?<br />Vad gör vi?<br /><br />We are learning.<br />Vi lär oss.<br /><br />We are learning a language.<br />Vi lär oss ett språk.<br /><br />I learn English.<br />Jag lär mig engelska.<br /><br />You learn Spanish.<br />Du lär dig spanska.<br /><br />He learns German.<br />Han lär sig tyska.<br /><br />We learn French.<br />Vi lär oss franska.<br /><br />You all learn Italian.<br />Ni lär er italienska.<br /><br />They learn Russian.<br />De lär sig ryska.<br /><br />Learning languages is interesting.<br />Att lära sig språk är intressant.<br /><br />We want to understand people.<br />Vi vill förstå människor.<br /><br />We want to speak with people.<br />Vi vill tala med människor.<br />----<br />John is from London.<br />John är från London.<br /><br />London is in Great Britain.<br />London ligger i Storbritannien.<br /><br />He speaks English.<br />Han talar engelska.<br /><br />Maria is from Madrid.<br />Maria är från Madrid.<br /><br />Madrid is in Spain.<br />Madrid ligger i Spanien.<br /><br />She speaks Spanish.<br />Hon talar spanska.<br /><br />Peter and Martha are from Berlin.<br />Peter och Martha är från Berlin.<br /><br />Berlin is in Germany.<br />Berlin ligger i Tyskland.<br /><br />Do both of you speak German?<br />Talar ni tyska båda två?<br /><br />London is a capital city.<br />London är en huvudstad.<br /><br />Madrid and Berlin are also capital cities.<br />Madrid och Berlin är också huvudstäder.<br /><br />Capital cities are big and noisy.<br />Huvudstäderna är stora och bullriga.<br /><br />France is in Europe.<br />Frankrike ligger i Europa.<br /><br />Egypt is in Africa.<br />Egypten ligger i Afrika.<br /><br />Japan is in Asia.<br />Japan ligger i Asien.<br /><br />Canada is in North America.<br />Kanada ligger i Nordamerika.<br /><br />Panama is in Central America.<br />Panama ligger i Mellanamerika.<br /><br />Brazil is in South America.<br />Brasilien ligger i Sydamerika.<br />----<br />I read. Jag läser.<br />I read a letter. Jag läser en bokstav.<br />I read a word. Jag läser ett ord.<br />I read a sentence. Jag läser en mening.<br />I read a letter. Jag läser ett brev.<br />I read a book. Jag läser en bok.<br />I read. Jag läser.<br />You read. Du läser. <br />He reads. Han läser.<br />I write. Jag skriver.<br /><br />I write a letter / character.<br />Jag skriver en bokstav.<br /><br />I write a word. Jag skriver ett ord.<br />I write a sentence. Jag skriver en mening.<br />I write a letter. Jag skriver ett brev.<br />I write a book. Jag skriver en bok.<br />I write. Jag skriver.<br />You write. Du skriver.<br />He writes. Han skriver.<br />----<br />I count. Jag räknar.<br />one, two, three. ett, två, tre<br />I count to three.Jag räknar till tre.<br />I count further.Jag räknar vidare.<br />four, five, six. fyra, fem, sex.<br />seven, eight, nine. sju, åtta, nio<br />I count. Jag räknar.<br />You count. Du räknar.<br />He counts. Han räknar.<br />One. The first. Ett. Den första.<br />Two. The second. Två. Den andra.<br />Three. The third. Tre. Den tredje.<br />Four. The fourth. Fyra. Den fjärde.<br />Five. The fifth. Fem. Den femte.<br />Six. The sixth. Sex. Den sjätte.<br />Seven. The seventh. Sju. Den sjunde.<br />Eight. The eighth. Åtta. Den åttonde.<br />Nine. The ninth. Nio. Den nionde.<br />----<br />Excuse me! Ursäkta!<br />What time is it, please? Hur mycket är klockan?<br />Thank you very much. Tack så mycket.<br /><br />It is one o'clock.<br />Klockan är ett.<br /><br />It is two o'clock.<br />Klockan är två.<br /><br />It is three o'clock.<br />Klockan är tre.<br /><br />It is four o'clock.<br />Klockan är fyra.<br /><br />It is five o'clock.<br />Klockan är fem.<br /><br />It is six o'clock.<br />Klockan är sex.<br /><br />It is seven o'clock.<br />Klockan är sju.<br /><br />It is eight o'clock.<br />Klockan är åtta.<br /><br />It is nine o'clock.<br />Klockan är nio.<br /><br />It is ten o'clock.<br />Klockan är tio.<br /><br />It is eleven o'clock.<br />Klockan är elva.<br /><br />It is twelve o'clock.<br />Klockan är tolv.<br /><br />A minute has sixty seconds.<br />En minut har sextio sekunder.<br /><br />An hour has sixty minutes.<br />En timme har sextio minuter.<br /><br />A day has twenty-four hours.<br />En dag har tjugofyra timmar.<br />----<br />Monday. måndagen<br />Tuesday. tisdagen<br />Wednesday. onsdagen<br />Thursday. torsdagen<br />Friday. fredagen<br />Saturday. lördagen<br />Sunday. söndagen<br />the week. veckan<br />from Monday to Sunday<br />från måndag till söndag<br /><br />The first day is Monday.<br />Den första dagen är måndag.<br /><br />The second day is Tuesday.<br />Den andra dagen är tisdag.<br /><br />The third day is Wednesday.<br />Den tredje dagen är onsdag.<br /><br />The fourth day is Thursday.<br />Den fjärde dagen är torsdag.<br /><br />The fifth day is Friday.<br />Den femte dagen är fredag.<br /><br />The sixth day is Saturday.<br />Den sjätte dagen är lördag.<br /><br />The seventh day is Sunday.<br />Den sjunde dagen är söndag.<br /><br />The week has seven days.<br />Veckan har sju dagar.<br /><br />We only work for five days.<br />Vi arbetar bara fem dagar.<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-51585193997900352362017-03-07T21:42:00.000+09:002017-03-21T19:28:35.652+09:00慣用句--BEGIN--<br />慣用句<br /><br /> 相槌(あいづち)を打つ: 相手の話に調子を合わせて、受け答えをする。<br /> あいづち【相槌/相鎚】鍛冶 (かじ) で、二人の職人が交互に槌を打ち合わす事。あいのつち。<br /> つち【槌/鎚/椎】物を叩く工具。頭部は普通円柱形で、柄が付いている。木づち・金づちなどがある。<br />----<br /> 愛想(あいそ)が尽きる: 好意や信頼が持てなくなる。<br /> 開(あ)いた口が塞(ふさ)がらぬ: 驚き あきれて、物が言えないさま。<br />----<br /> 揚(あ)げ足を取る: 人の言い間違いや言葉尻を捕らえて非難したり、からかったりする。<br /> 言葉尻(ことばじり)を捕(と)らえる: 相手の些細な言い損ないにつけ込んで、攻撃したり批判したりする。<br />----<br /> 顎(あご)が落ちる: 食物の味の非常によい事の例え。<br /> 頬っ辺(ほっぺた)が落ちる: 大変美味しい事を表す言葉。<br /> 頬(ほお)が落ちる: この上なく美味である事に言う。<br />----<br /> 顎(あご)を外す: 大笑いをする事の例え。<br /> 顎で使う: 高慢な態度で、意のままに人を使う。<br /> 足が地に着かない: 1 緊張や興奮の為、心が落ち着かない。2 考え方や行動が浮ついて、しっかりしていない。<br /> 足が出る: 1 予算または収入よりも出費が多くなる。赤字になる。2 隠しごとが現れる。ぼろが出る。<br />----<br /> 足元に火がつく: 危険が身辺に迫っている事を言う。<br /> しんぺん【身辺】身のまわり。身近なあたり。<br />----<br /> 足元に付け込む: 相手の弱点を見抜いて、それを利用する。弱みに乗じる。<br /> 足元を見る: 相手の弱みに付け込む。<br />----<br /> 足元にも及ばない: 相手がすぐれていて、比べ物にならない。足元へも寄りつけない。<br /> 足を洗う: 悪い仲間から離れる。好ましくない生活をやめる。職業・仕事を辞める場合にも用いる。<br /> 足を引っ張る: 人の成功や前進を邪魔する。また、妨げとなる。<br /> 足が棒になる: 長く立ったり歩いたりして疲れ果て、足の筋肉がこわばる。<br /> 汗水を流す: 労苦をいとわず一生懸命に働く。<br /> 頭が古い: 考え方が古臭い。<br /> 頭を下(さ)げる: 1 御辞儀をする。2 謝る。わびる。3 敬服する。感服する。<br /> 後(あと)を引く: 1 余波がいつまでも続いて、きまりがつかない。尾を引く。2 いつまでも欲しい感じが残る。<br /> 穴があったら入(はい)りたい: 身を隠したいくらいに恥ずかしい。<br /> 穴のあくほど: じっと見詰める様子を言う。<br />----<br /> 油を売る: 《近世、髪油の行商人が、客を相手に世間話をしながら売る事が多かった事から》無駄話などをして仕事を怠ける。<br /> かみあぶら【髪油】髪の形を整え色つやをよくする為に頭髪につける油。鬢 (びん) 付け油・梳 (す) き油など。<br /> ぎょうしょうにん【行商人】行商してまわる商人。<br />----<br /> 油を絞(しぼ)る: 1 過ちや失敗を厳しく責める。2 酷い(ひどい)苦労をする。<br /> 網(あみ)の目(め)を潜(くぐ)る: 1 捜査網や監視からうまく逃れる。2 法律・規則の盲点をついて悪事を働く。違法行為とならない方法であくどい事を行う。<br /> 蟻(あり)の這(は)い出る隙(すき)もない: 少しの隙間も無いほど、警戒が厳重な事の例え。<br />----<br /> 気が引ける: 気おくれがする。引け目を感じる。<br /> 肩身(かたみ)が狭い: 世間に対して面目が立たず、引け目を感じる。<br /> 頭が上がらない: 1 引け目を感じて対等な関係に立てない。2 病気が重くて枕 (まくら) から頭を起こせない。<br /> 合(あ)わせる顔が無い: 面目なくて、その人に会いに行けない。その人の前に出られない。<br /> 男を上(あ)げる: 立派な行為をして、男の面目を施す。<br /> 男が廃(すた)る: 男としての面目がつぶれる。<br /> 顔が立つ: 世間に対して面目が保たれる。<br /> 顔に泥(どろ)を塗る: 面目を失わせる。恥をかかせる。<br /> 顔を潰(つぶ)す: 面目を失わせる。名誉を傷つける。<br /> たつせ【立つ瀬】立場。世間に対する面目。<br /><br /> ひけめ【引け目】自分が他人より劣っていると感じる事。劣等感。気おくれ。<br /> きおくれ【気後れ】相手の勢いやその場の雰囲気などに押されて、心がひるむこと。気おじ。<br /> めんぼく【面目】めんもく。1 世間や周囲に対する体面・立場・名誉。また、世間からの評価。2 物事のありさま。ようす。<br />----<br /> 泡を食う: 驚きあわてる。<br /> 泡を吹かす: 人を驚かし、あわてさせる。<br /> 息が合う: 物事を行う調子や気分がぴったり合う。<br /> 息が掛(か)かる: 有力者の後援や支配を受ける。<br /> 息の根(ね)を止める: 1 殺す。2 相手を完全に倒し、活動出来ないようにする。<br /> 息を入れる: 仕事などの中途で休憩する。ひと休みする。<br /> 息を殺す: 呼吸の音もさせないで、じっとしている。<br /> 息を呑(の)む: おそれや驚きなどで一瞬息を止める。<br /> 息を吹き返す: 1 生き返る。 2 駄目になりそうだった物が立ち直る。<br />----<br /> 威儀(いぎ)を正(ただ)す: 身形(みなり)を整え、おもおもしい態度をとる。威儀を繕う。<br /> おもおもしい【重重しい】1 落ち着いていて威厳が感じられる。2 いかにも重そうである。重圧感を覚える。3 身分や地位が重い。並々でない。4 主だっているさま。<br />----<br /> 異彩(いさい)を放つ: 1 普通とは違った色彩や光を出す。2 多くの中できわだって見える。<br /> きわだつ【際立つ】周囲の物とはっきりした違いがあって、ひときわ目立つ。よい意味に使われる場合が多い。<br /> ひときわ【一際】1 他と比べて特に目立っているさま。一段と。2 区別せず、ひとまとめに扱うさま。<br />----<br /> 痛くも痒(かゆ)くもない: 少しも苦痛を感じない。全く影響が無い。痛痒 (つうよう) を感じない。<br />----<br /> 板(いた)に付く:1 役者が経験を積んで、演技が舞台によく調和する。2 経験を積んで、動作や態度が地位・職業などにしっくり合う。<br /> しっくり: 1 物と物、人の心と心などが調和して、安定しているさま。ぴったり。2 強く、鋭く刺激を与えるさま。ぎゅっと。ちくりと。<br />----<br /> 至(いた)れり尽(つ)くせり: 配慮が行き届いて、申し分がない。<br /> 一言(いちごん)もない: ひとことも弁解出来ない。弁明する余地がない。<br /> 一(いち)も二もなく: 提示された事に対して、とやかく言うまでもなく。即座に。<br /> とやかく: なんのかのと。あれこれと。<br />----<br /> 一線(いっせん)を画(かく)する: 境界線を引いて区切りをつける。はっきり区別する。<br /> 一杯(いっぱい)食わす: うまく人を騙す(だます)。<br /> 糸を引く: 1 《操り人形を、糸を引いて動かす事から》裏で指図して人を操る。2 影響などが長く続いて絶えない。3 ねばついて糸を張ったような状態になる。4 ボールなどが、まっすぐ空中を動いていく。<br />----<br /> いばらのみち【茨の道】: 茨の生えている道。困難な状況や苦難の多い人生にたとえる。いばらみち。<br /> いばら【茨】〔とげのある低木〕a thorn, a briar, a bramble; 〔とげ〕a thorn<br /> いばら【茨/荊/棘】1 バラ・カラタチなど、とげのある低木の総称。荊棘 (けいきょく) 。2 人里近くに多いバラ科バラ属の低木の総称。ノイバラ・ヤマイバラ・ヤブイバラなど。3 植物のとげ。4 身に受ける苦難のたとえ。<br />-----<br /> いろめがね【色眼鏡】1 着色したレンズをはめた眼鏡。サングラスなど。2 偏った物の見方。先入観にとらわれた物の見方。<br /> はめる【填める/嵌める】1 ある形に合うように中に入れておさめる。ぴったりと入れ込む。2 ある形に合うように外側にかぶせる。環状のものなどを通す。3 中に落とし入れる。投げ込む。4 ある制限・範囲内におさめ入れる。5 計略にかける。いっぱいくわせる。<br />----<br /> 色を失う: 心配や恐れなどで顔が真っ青になる。意外な事態に対処しきれない様子。<br /> まっさお【真っ青】1 純粋に青い事。また、そのさま。2 血の気がひいて顔色が悪い事。青ざめる事。また、そのさま。<br />----<br /> 色を付ける: 物事の扱いに情を加える。値引きしたり、割り増ししたりする。<br /> 因果を含める: 道理をよくよく言い聞かせて納得させる。止(や)むを得ない状況を説いてあきらめさせる。<br /> うきあしだつ【浮(き)足立つ】: 不安や恐れで落ち着きを失う。逃げ腰になる。<br /> うしろがみ【後ろ髪】(「後ろ髪を引かれる」の形で)心残りがしてなかなか思い切れない事。<br /> うしろゆび【後ろ指】(多く「後ろ指をさす」の形で)後ろから指さして、そしる事。陰で人の悪口を言う事。<br /> 後(うし)ろを見せる: 背を見せて逃げる。また、弱みを見せる。<br />----<br /> 梲(うだつ)が上がらない: 地位・生活などがよくならない。ぱっとしない。梲を設けたのが物持ちの家だったからとも、「梲が上がる」が棟上げをする意の大工言葉から転じて志を得る意となったことからともいう。<br /> うだつ【梲/卯建つ】民家で、妻の壁面を屋根より高く造った部分。また、建物の外側に張り出して設けた防火用の袖壁 (そでかべ) 。<br />----<br /> 現(うつつ)を抜(ぬ)かす: ある事に夢中になり、心を奪われる。<br /> うつつ【現】1 この世に現に存在しているもの。現実。夢・虚構などに対して言う。2 意識の正常な状態。正気。3 《「夢うつつ」「夢かうつつか」などの形で用いられるところから誤って》夢とも現実ともはっきりしない状態。夢見心地。夢心地。4 現実に生きている状態。現存。死に対して言う。<br />----<br /> 打てば響く: 働きかけるとすぐに反応する。<br />----<br /> 腕が上(あ)がる: 腕前・技術が進歩する。<br /> 腕が鳴る: 技能や力を発揮したくて じっとして いられない でいる。<br /> 腕に覚えがある: 自分の腕前・力量に自信を持っている。<br /> 腕に縒(よ)りを掛(か)ける: 自信のある腕前を十分に発揮しようと意気込む。<br /> 腕を振るう: 自分の腕前・技能を存分に人に見せる。<br /> 腕を磨く: 技能が上達するように訓練する。<br />----<br /> 馬が合う: 気がよく合う。意気投合する。<br />----<br /> 鎬(しのぎ)を削る: 激しく刀で切り合う。転じて、激しく争う。<br /> 火花(ひばな)を散らす: 互いに激しく刀を打ち合わせて戦う。転じて、激しく争う。火を散らす。<br /> しのぎ【鎬】1 刀剣で、刃と峰との間に刀身を貫いて走る稜線。鎬筋。2 部材の上端の中央を残し両側を低く削って、刀の背峰のようにした形。<br /><br /> 兜(かぶと)を脱ぐ: 相手の力を認めて降参する。<br /> 反(そ)りが合わない: 刀身と鞘 (さや) との関係から、「そりが合う」「そりを合わせる」などの形で用いる)人の性向や、世の風潮。また、それとの相性。<br /><br /> かぶと【兜/冑/甲】1 武将が頭部を防護する為にかぶった武具。頭を入れるところを鉢 (はち) 、その下に垂れて頸部 (けいぶ) を覆う部分を錏 (しころ) といい、鉄や革などで作る。2 舞楽で用いる、鳥兜 (とりかぶと) 。3 端午の節句の、1を模した飾り物。また、「兜人形」の略。<br /> かたな【刀】1 武器として使った片刃の刃物。2 江戸時代、武士が脇差 (わきざし) とともに差した大刀。3 太刀の小さいもの。4 小さい刃物。きれもの。<br /> だいとう【大刀】1 大きな刀。太刀 (たち) 。2 武士が差した大小2本の刀のうち、大きいほうの刀。<br /> わきざし【脇差/脇指】1 武士が腰に差す大小2刀のうち、小刀の称。2 腰刀。3 近世、町民などが道中のときに護身用に腰に差した刀。武士の大刀と小刀の中間の長さ。道中差し。<br /> りょうせん【稜線】山の峰から峰へ続く線。尾根。<br /> せみね【背峰】馬などの背筋。また、馬の背筋のような長く連なった高地。背柄 (せつか) 。<br /> とうけん【刀剣】刀や剣 (つるぎ) の総称。<br /> とうしん【刀身】刀の、鞘 におさまる部分。<br /> さや【鞘】刀剣類の刀身の部分を納めておく筒。刀室 (とうしつ) 。<br /> とうしつ【刀室】刀の鞘 。<br /> つるぎ【剣】諸刃 (もろは) の刀。また、刀剣の総称。けん。<br /> もろは【諸刃/両刃】刀剣などで、鎬 を境に両方に刃がついている事。また、その刃物。りょうば。<br /> かたは【片刃】1 刃物で、刃先の断面の片側だけに刃がついていること。また、その刃物。2 刀剣などで、鎬 (しのぎ) を境に片側だけに刃がついていること。また、その刃物。 <br /> はもの【刃物】刃がついていて物を切断したり削ったりする道具の総称。包丁・小刀・はさみなど。切れ物。<br /> はさき【刃先】刃の先端。刀などのきっさき。<br /> はもと【刃元】刃物の刃の柄に近い方<br /><br /> 盾(たて)に取る: 1 防御物として、その陰に隠れる。2 ある物事を言い訳・言いがかりなどの材料とする。<br /> いいがかり【言(い)掛(か)り】1 口実を作って、難癖をつける事。また、その事柄。2 言い出して、あとに引けなくなる事。<br /> ぼうぎょぶっしつ【防御物質】生物が他から捕食や攻撃を受けたり、刺激されたりした時に放出する化学物質。昆虫、カエルやスカンクなどの脊椎動物のほか、植物にも見られる。相手を直接攻撃したり、近くの同種に危険を知らせたりする役割を持つ。<br /><br /> 弓(ゆみ)を引く: 1 「弓を鳴らす」に同じ。2 弓に矢をつがえて射る。弓を射る。3 反抗する。背く。楯 (たて) つく。<br /> 盾(たて)を突く: 戦いの為に盾を地面に突き立てる。転じて、反抗する。逆らう。たてつく。<br /> たてつく【盾突く/楯突く】目上の人に対して逆らう。従わずに文句を言ったりして反抗する。たてをつく。<br /><br /> ゆみ【弓】武器の一。木や竹をしなわせて弦 (つる) を張り、その弾力を利用して、つがえた矢を飛ばす物。<br /> いる【射る】1 矢を弓につがえて放つ。2 矢や弾丸を目的物に当てる。3 光が強く照らす。4 向けて放たれたものが対象をとらえる。<br /> つがえる【番える】1 矢筈 (やはず) を弓の弦にかける。つがう。2 かたく約束する。<br /><br /> 裏をかく: 1 相手が予想したのとは反対の事をして相手を出し抜く。2 矢・槍 (やり) ・刀などが鎧 (よろい) などの裏まで突き通る。うらかく。<br /><br /> よろい【鎧/甲】1 着用して身体を被護する武具。被護部分により、頸甲 (くびよろい) ・肩甲・胸甲・膝甲 (ひざよろい) などという。2 胴から大腿部 (だいたいぶ) にかけて被護する武具の総称。短甲 (たんこう) ・挂甲 (けいこう) ・大鎧 (おおよろい) ・腹巻き・胴丸・腹当ての類。3 特に、大鎧のこと。4 「鎧形 (よろいがた) 」の略。<br />----<br /> うまい汁を吸う: 自分は苦労をせずに、自分の地位や他人を利用して多くの利益を得る。<br /> 襟(えり)を正(ただ)す: 1 自己の乱れた衣服や姿勢を整える。2 それまでの態度を改めて、気持ちを引き締める。<br /> 襟(えり)を開く: 隠しだてせず心の中を打ち明ける。胸襟 (きょうきん) を開く。<br /> 煙幕(えんまく)を張る: 相手に真意を悟らせない為に、ごまかしたり、曖昧(あいまい)な言い方をしたりする。<br />----<br /> 大きな顔: 威張った顔つき・態度。また、平然とした顔つき・態度。大きな面 (つら) 。<br /> いばる【威張る】威勢を張って偉そうにする。えばる。<br /> かおつき【顔付き】1 顔の様子。顔だち。容貌 (ようぼう) 。2 気持ちを表す顔の様子。表情。<br />----<br /> 大目(おおめ)に見る: 人の過失や悪いところなどを 厳しく とがめず 寛大に扱う。<br /> かんだい【寛大】度量が大きく、思いやりがあり、無闇に人を責めない事。また、そのさま。<br />----<br /> 奥歯(おくば)に物が挟(はさ)まったよう: 思っている事、言いたい事をはっきりと言わずに、なんとなく ぼかして いる感じである。<br /> 押(お)しが強い: 自分の意思どおりに強引に事を運ぼうとする。転じて、あつかましい。<br />----<br /> 押(お)しも押(お)されもせぬ: どこへ出ても圧倒される事が無い。実力があって堂々としている。押すに押されぬ。<br /> どうどう【堂堂】 1 立派で威厳のあるさま。2 なんの隠しだても無いさま。こそこそしないさま。<br /> いげん【威厳】近寄りがたいほど堂々としておごそかな事。<br />----<br /> 御茶を濁(にご)す: 好い加減に言ったりしたりしてその場をごまかす。<br /> 同じ釜(かま)の飯(めし)を食う: 生活を共にした親しい仲間である事の例え。<br /> 御鉢(おはち)が回(まわ)る: 順番が回ってくる。<br /> 尾鰭(おひれ)を付ける: 実際に無い事を付け加えて話を大袈裟(おおげさ)にする。<br /> 重荷(おもに)を下ろす: 責任を果たしてほっとする。気にかかっていた事が解決して安心する。<br /> おりがみつき【折(り)紙付き】: 1 鑑定保証書がついている事。また、その物。2 その物の価値・資格などに定評のある事。保証が出来る事。<br /> 音頭(おんど)を取る: 1 大勢で歌う時、調子を示す為に先に歌う。2 人の先に立って手はずを整え、実現するように皆をまとめてゆく。<br /> 恩に着せる: 恩を施した事について、ことさらに有り難く思わせようとする。恩に掛ける。<br /> 恩を売る: 相手からの感謝や見返りなどを期待して恩を施す。<br /> 顔が利(き)く: 信用や力がある為に相手に対して無理が言える。<br /> 顔が広い: 付き合いの範囲が広い。知り合いが多い。<br /> 顔から火が出る: 恥ずかしくて顔が真っ赤になる。<br /> 顔を売る: 世間に広く知られようとする。<br /> 顔を繋(つな)ぐ: 人に忘れられないように、折に触れて訪問したり出席したりする。顔つなぎをする。<br /> 影(かげ)が薄い: 1 元気がない様子である。命が短いように見える。2 その存在が目立たない。印象が弱い。<br />----<br /> 肩で風を切る: 肩をそびやかして、得意そうに歩く。<br /> そびやかす【聳やかす】そびえるようにする。肩などを、ことさら高く上げる。<br /> そびえる【聳える】1 山などが非常に高く立つ。そそりたつ。2 ほっそりしている。すらりとしている。<br />----<br /> 肩の荷が下りる: 責任や負担から解放されて楽になる。<br /> 肩を並べる: 1 横に並ぶ。肩をそろえて進む。2 対等の位置に立つ。同じ程度の力や地位を持って張り合う。<br /> 肩を持つ: 対立しているものの一方の味方をする。ひいきをする。<br /> 角(かど)が取れる: 世慣れて性格が円満になる。人柄がまるくなる。 <br /> よなれる【世慣れる/世馴れる】1 世間の事情に通じている。世故にたける。2 異性との交際に通じている。<br /> 株が上(あ)がる: その人の評判がよくなる。 <br /> 壁に突き当たる: それ以上進むのが困難な状況になる。仕事や考えなどが行き詰まる。壁にぶつかる。<br />----<br /> 鎌(かま)を掛(か)ける: 相手に本当の事を白状させる為に、それとなく言葉巧みに問いかける。<br /> それとなく【其れと無く】遠回しに。それとなしに。<br /> とおまわし【遠回し】直接的な表現を避けて、それとなく言う事。また、そのさま。<br /> それとなしに【其れと無しに】それとなく。それとはなしに。<br />----<br /> 気が置けない: 遠慮したり気を使ったりする必要が無く、心から打ち解ける事が出来る。<br /> 機(き)が熟(じゅく)する: ある物事をするのに、丁度よい時機になる。<br /> 気が利(き)く: 1 細かいところにまで注意が及ぶ。2 しゃれている。粋である。<br />----<br /> 踵(きびす)を返す: 後戻りする。引き返す。きびすを回 (めぐ) らす。<br /> きびす【踵】1 かかと。くびす。2 履物の、かかとにあたる部分。<br /> あともどり【後戻り】1 来た方へ引き返す事。2 よい状態を保っていた物事が、また悪くなる事。<br />----<br /> 肝(きも)に銘ずる: 心に強く刻み付けて忘れない。<br /> 肝(きも)を潰(つぶ)す: 非常に驚く。<br /> 灸(きゅう)を据(す)える: きつく注意したり罰を加えたりして懲(こ)らしめる。<br /> 気が短い: 短気である。すぐいらいらしたり怒ったりする。<br />----<br /> 気を回す: 必要以上にあれこれ考える。よけいな憶測や邪推をする。<br /> じゃすい【邪推】他人の心意を悪く推量する事。ひがんで、自分に悪意をもっていると疑ってかかる事。<br />----<br /> 釘(くぎ)を刺(さ)す: 約束違反や言い逃れが出来ないように念を押す。釘を打つ。<br /> 口裏(くちうら)を合わせる: 予め(あらかじめ)相談して話の内容が食い違わないようにする。<br />----<br /> 口が重い: 口数が少ない。寡黙である。<br /> かもく【寡黙】口数が少ない事。また、そのさま。<br /> くちかず【口数】物を言う回数。ことばかず。<br /> 口が堅い: 言うべきでない事を無闇に他言しない。<br /> 口が軽い: おしゃべりで、言ってはいけない事まで言ってしまう。<br /> 口が滑る: 言ってはならない事をうっかり言ってしまう。<br />----<br /> 口が酸っぱくなる程: 同じ言葉をなん度も繰り返して言い聞かせるさま。<br />----<br /> 口車(くちぐるま)に乗る: 言葉巧みに言われてだまされる。おだてに乗る。<br /> おだてる【煽てる】1 嬉しがる事を言って、相手を得意にさせる。何かをさせようと、ことさらに褒(ほ)める。もちあげる。2 人が落ち着いていられないほどに騒ぎたてる。<br />----<br /> 嘴(くちばし)が黄色(きいろ)い: 《ひな鳥のくちばしが黄色いところから》年が若くて経験の足りないことを嘲(あざけ)って言う言葉。<br /> くちばし【嘴/喙】《「口端 (くちばし) 」の意》鳥類の口の部分に突出する、上下のあごの骨の表面が角質化したもの。えさをとるほか、水飲み、羽の手入れにも使う。食性により形はさまざま。カモノハシやウミガメにもみられる。<br />----<br /> 口火(くちび)を切る: 物事を他に先がけて行って、切っ掛け(きっかけ)を作る。<br />----<br /> 口を割る: 白状する。<br />----<br /> 首が回らない: 借金など、支払うべき金が多くて遣り繰りがつかない。<br /> やりくり【遣り繰り】不十分なものをあれこれ工夫して都合をつけること。<br />----<br /> 首を突っ込む: 関心や興味を持って、その事に関係を持つ。また、ある事に深入りする。<br /> 蜘蛛(くも)の子を散らす: 《蜘蛛の子の入っている袋を破ると、蜘蛛の子が四方八方に散るところから》大勢のものが散りぢりになって逃げていく事の例え。<br /> 軍配(ぐんばい)を上(あ)げる: 相撲で、行司が勝ったほうの力士を軍配団扇 (うちわ) で指し示す。転じて試合や競争などで、勝利・優勢の判定を下す。<br /> 芸(げい)が細かい: 細部にまで注意が払われていて綿密である。する事に念が入っている。<br />----<br /> 下駄(げた)を預ける: 相手に物事の処理の方法や責任などを一任する。<br /> いちにん【一任】物事の処理・決定の全てをまかせる事。<br />----<br /> 煙(けむ)に巻く: 大袈裟な事や相手の知らないような事ばかりを言い立てて、相手を圧倒したり、ごまかしたりする。<br /> けりを付ける: 結末をつける。決着をつける。<br />----<br /> 心が騒ぐ: 気持ちが落ち着かない。また、胸騒ぎがする。<br /> むなさわぎ【胸騒ぎ】心配ごとや悪い予感などのために心が穏やかでないこと。<br />----<br /> 心に掛(か)かる: 1 ある事柄が心から離れないでいる。気に掛かる。2 人の厚意にすがる。<br /> 心を尽くす: 心の底から思ってする。出来る限りの事をする。<br /> 心を許す: 気を許す。また、打ち解ける。<br /> 腰(こし)を据(す)える: 1 腰を下げて構える。腰の重心を低くする。2 落ち着いて事に当たる。腰を落ち着ける。3 ある場所に落ち着く。腰を落ち着ける。<br /> 腰(こし)を抜かす: 1 腰の関節が外れたり、腰の力がなくなったりして立てなくなる。2 驚きや恐れの為に立ち上がれなくなる。<br />----<br /> 小耳(こみみ)に挟む: 聞くともなしに聞く。ちらりと聞く。<br /> ともない[連語]《「たくもない」の転じた「たうもない」の音変化》動詞の連用形に付いて、…することを望まない、の意を表す。<br /> ちらり: 1 瞬間的に見たり見えたりするさま。2 わずかに聞こえたり聞いたりするさま。<br />----<br /> 匙(さじ)を投げる: 《薬を調合する匙を投げ出す意から》医者が、これ以上治療法が無いとして病人を見放す。また、救済や解決の見込みが無いとして、手を引く。<br />----<br /> 様(さま)になる: それに相応しい様子になる。かっこうがつく。<br /> ふさわしい【相応しい】似つかわしい。つり合っている。<br /> 格好が付く: 人に見せられる程度になる。体裁が整う。<br />----<br /> 三拍子(さんびょうし)揃(そろ)う: 必要な要素をすべて備えている。<br /> さんびょうし【三拍子】1 音楽で、三つの拍を一つの単位とする拍子。強・弱・弱の配置をとる。<br />2 小鼓・大鼓・太鼓・笛など3種の楽器で拍子をとること。また、その拍子。3 三つの重要な条件。<br />----<br /> 舌が回る: よどみなくしゃべる。<br /> よどみない【淀み無い/澱み無い】止まる事なく、滑らかに流れ動くさま。<br />----<br /> 舌を出す: 1 陰で人を馬鹿にしたり、あざけり笑ったりする。また、そう言う時の動作。2 恥ずかしさなどをごまかす動作。<br /> 舌を巻く: あまりにも すぐれていて、ひどく驚く。感嘆する。<br />----<br /> 尻尾(しっぽ)を出す: 《化けた狐や狸が尻尾を出して正体を見破られる意から》隠していた事やごまかしが露見する。ぼろを出す。<br /> ろけん【露見/露顕】1 秘密や悪事など隠していたことが表に現れること。ばれること。2 結婚してから3日目に他人に披露する事。ところあらわし。<br />----<br /> 尻尾(しっぽ)を掴(つか)む: 他人のごまかしや悪事の証拠などを押さえる。<br /> 自腹(じばら)を切る: 必ずしも自分が負担する必要の無い経費などを、自分の金で支払う。身銭を切る。<br />----<br /> 私腹(しふく)を肥やす: 公の地位や立場を利用して、自分の財産を殖やす。<br /> こやす【肥やす】1 肥料などをほどこして地味をよくする。肥沃 (ひよく) にする。2 栄養を与えて太らせる。3 不当に利益を得させる。「私腹を―・す」4 経験を積んで、物の良し悪しを判断できる能力を豊かにする。5 見たり聞いたりして心を満足させる。喜ばす。楽します。<br />----<br /> 終止(しゅうし)符を打つ: 終わりにする。結末をつける。ピリオドを打つ。<br /> 食指(しょくし)が動く: 食欲が起こる。転じて、ある物事に対し欲望や興味が生じる。<br />----<br /> 口を拭(ぬぐ)う: 《盗み食いの後、口をふいて素知らぬ顔をする意から》何か悪い事をしていながら素知らぬふりをする。また、知っていながら知らないふりをする。<br /> そしらぬ【素知らぬ】知っているのにそうでないふりをするさま。<br /><br /> 白(しら)を切る: わざと知らないふりをする。しらばくれる。<br /> しらばくれる: 知っていて知らないさまを装う。しらばっくれる。<br />----<br /> 尻が重い: めんどうがって、なかなか動こうとしない。また、物事をするのに、動作がにぶい。<br /> 尻が軽い: 1 気軽に物事を始める。また、動作が活発・軽快である。2 行いが軽々しい。軽はずみである。3 女性が浮気である。<br />----<br /> 尻に火が付く: 事態が差し迫って、追いつめられた状態になる。<br /> 尻を拭(ぬぐ)う: 人の失敗や不始末の後始末をする。尻ぬぐいをする。<br /> 白い目で見る: 冷淡な、悪意のこもった目で人を見る。白眼視する。<br />----<br /> 心血(しんけつ)を注ぐ: 心身の力のありったけを尽くして行う。<br /> ありったけ【有りっ丈】あるだけ全部。可能な限り多く。できるだけ。思う存分。<br />----<br /> 辛酸(しんさん)を嘗(な)める: 苦しく、つらい目にあう。<br />----<br /> 水泡(すいほう)に帰する: 努力の甲斐も無く全く無駄に終わる。<br /> かい【甲斐/詮/効】1 行動の結果として現れるしるし。努力した効果。2 期待できるだけの値うち。<br />----<br /> 雀(すずめ)の涙: ごくわずかな物の例え。<br /> 図(ず)に乗る: いい気になって勢いづく。調子に乗る。つけあがる。<br />----<br /> 痛くもない腹を探られる: 何のやましい事もしていないのに、疑いをかけられる。<br /> やましい【疚しい/疾しい】1 良心がとがめる。後ろめたい。2 病気であるような気がする。気分が悪い。3 不満やあせりを感じる。もどかしい。<br /> とがめる【咎める】1 悪いことをしたと心を痛める。2 傷やはれものをいじって悪くする。また、悪くなる。3 過ちや罪・欠点などを取り上げて責める。非難する。4 怪しんで問いただす。<br /> うしろめたい【後ろめたい】1 自分に悪い点があって、気がとがめる。やましい。2 自分の目が届かず、不安である。心もとない。気がかりだ。3 油断がならない。気が許せない。<br /><br /> 脛(すね)に疵(きず)持つ: 昔犯した悪事などを隠している。自分の身に やましい ところ が ある。<br /> 親の脛を齧(かじ)る: 子が自立できないで、親に養われている。<br /><br /> すね【脛/臑】 shin. 膝 (ひざ) から くるぶし までの間の部分。はぎ。<br />----<br /> 図星(ずぼし)を指す: 物事を推察してぴたりと言い当てる。<br /> 隅(すみ)に置けない: その人が意外に経験豊かであったり、才能・知識などがあったりして、あなどれない。<br /> 精(せい)が出る: 懸命に働く。仕事に励む。よく活動する。<br />----<br /> 堰(せき)を切る: 川の流れが堰を壊して溢れ出る。また転じて、おさえられていた物が、こらえきれずにどっと溢れ出る。<br /> せき【堰】 dam. 水を取る為、また、水深・流量の調節の為、川の途中や流出口などに設けて流水をせき止める構造物。<br />----<br /> 席(せき)を蹴(け)る: 怒って勢いよくその場から出て行く。<br />----<br /> せけんしらず【世間知らず】経験が浅く、世の中の事情に疎い事。また、その人やそのさま。世間見ず。<br /> うとい【疎い】1 親しい間柄でない。疎遠だ。2 (「…にうとい」の形で)そのことについての知識や理解が不十分である。3 親しみが持てない。わずらわしく思う。4 不案内である。関心がない。5 愚かである。間が抜けている。<br />----<br /> 世間を狭くする: 信用を失って、世人との交際範囲を狭くする。肩身を狭くする。<br /> 背(せ)を向ける: 1 後ろを向く。2 無関心な態度をとる。また、そむく。<br /> 前後を忘れる: 興奮したり、酒に酔ったりして、一時、善悪是非の判断が出来なくなる。また、正体がなくなる。前後を失う。前後を忘 (ぼう) ず。<br /> 先手(せんて)を打つ: 1 囲碁や将棋で、相手より先に着手する。2 先に攻撃をしかける。また、起こりそうな事態に備えておく。<br />----<br /> 底(そこ)が浅い: 人の器量・力量や物事の内容に深みが無い。<br /> きりょう【器量】1 ある事をするのにふさわしい能力や人徳。2 その人の才徳に対して世間が与える評価。面目。多く、男性について言う。3 顔だち。容貌 (ようぼう) 。多く、女性について言う。4 もののじょうず。名人。<br />----<br /> 底を突く: 1 蓄えてあった物が無くなる。2 相場が下がり、底値になる。<br /> 底を割る: 1 本心を打ち明ける。腹を割る。2 相場が底値と思われたところからさらに下がる。<br /> 袖(そで)を絞る: 涙でぬれた袖を絞る。ひどく涙を流す事に言う。<br /> 袖を引く: 1 袖を引いて人を誘う。催促する。2 人の袖を引いてそっと注意する。<br /> 算盤(そろばん)が合(あ)う: 1 計算が合う。2 採算がとれる。<br />----<br /> 太鼓判(たいこばん)を捺(お)す: その人物や品物の質などが絶対によいものであると保証する。太鼓のような判を捺す。<br /> たいこばん【太鼓判】1 太鼓のように大きな印判。転じて、確実であるという保証。2 江戸時代以前につくられた甲州金の一。表面外周の装飾が太鼓の皮留めの装飾に似ているところから言う。<br /> たいこ【太鼓】1 打楽器の一。木製・金属製などの胴の両面または片面に皮などを張ったもの。桴 (ばち) や手で打ち鳴らす。<br /> いんばん【印判】印 (いん) 。印章。<br />----<br /> 箍(たが)が緩(ゆる)む: 緊張がゆるんだり、年老いたりして、しっかり した ところ が 無くなる。締まりが無くなる。<br /> たが【箍】竹を割き、編んで輪にしたもの。桶 (おけ) ・樽 (たる) などの外側にはめて締めかためるのに用いる。金属製の物もある。<br /> さく【裂く/割く】1 ひと続きのものを、強い力を加えて直線的に二つに離す。手で強く引っ張って破る。2 刃物などで切って開く。<br />----<br /> 高(たか)を括(くく)る: その程度を予測する。大した事は無いと見くびる。<br /> みくびる【見縊る】軽視する。あなどる。見さげる。<br />----<br /> 竹を割ったよう: 《竹は一直線に割れるところから》気性のさっぱりしているさま。<br /> きしょう【気性】生まれつきの性質。気質。きだて。気象。性質がしっかりしているさま。気が強いさま。<br />----<br /> 出(だ)しに使う: 出しにする。自分の利益の為に利用する。だしに使う。<br /> だし【出し】(「出汁」とも書く)鰹節 (かつおぶし) などを煮出して作る、うまみのある汁。出し汁。また、その材料となる鰹節・昆布・煮干しなど。<br /><br /> 煮え湯(にえゆ)を飲ます:信用している人を裏切ってひどい目にあわせる。<br /><br /> 脂(あぶら)が乗(の)る: 1 魚や鳥などが季節によって脂肪が増え、味がよくなる。2 調子が出て仕事や勉強がはかどる。<br /> はかどる【捗る/果取る】仕事が順調にどんどん進む。はかがゆく。進捗 (しんちょく) する。<br />----<br /> 棚(たな)に上(あ)げる: 知らん顔をして問題にしない。不都合な事には触れずに置く。<br /> 玉(たま)を転がす: 非常に高く美しい声の形容に用いる言葉。<br /> 血が上(のぼ)る: のぼせる。興奮する。逆上する。<br /> 血が騒ぐ: 気持ちが高ぶって、じっとしていられなくなる。心がおどる。<br /> 血も涙もない: 全く人情味がない。冷酷その物である。<br /> 血を分ける: 血族の関係にある<br /> 力を入れる: 一生懸命になって物事をする。熱心に努力する。骨を折る。<br /> 力を落とす: 元気を失う。落胆する。がっかりする。<br /> 力を貸す: 手助けをする。援助する。助力する。<br />----<br /> 壺(つぼ)に嵌(は)まる: 1 急所をついている。2 見込み通りになる。<br /><br /> きゅうしょ【急所】1 からだの中で、生命にかかわる大事な所。2 物事の最も大事な所。<br /> はまる【填まる/嵌まる】1 穴の部分にぴったりとはいる。うまくはいっておさまる。2 うまくあてはまる。3 くぼんだ場所などに落ち込む。4 計略にのせられる。だまされる。5 かかわりあって抜け出せなくなる。また特に、女性の色香におぼれる。<br /> つぼ【壺】(1)a pot; a jar; a vase. (2)(鍼灸の)a therapeutic point (3)(急所)the point. 1 胴がふくらみ、口が狭くなった形の容器。陶製・木製・ガラス製などがある。2 ばくちで、采 (さい) を入れて伏せる器。壺皿。3 深くくぼんでいるところ。4 矢を射るときにねらう所。矢壺。5 物事の大事なところ。急所。要所。6 ここと見込んだところ。7 灸 (きゅう) や鍼 (はり) の治療で効果のある、人体の定まった位置。8 三味線・琴などの弦楽器の勘所。<br />----<br /> 潰(つぶ)しが効(き)く: 《金属製品は、溶かして別の物にする事が出来るところから》それまでの仕事を辞めても、他の仕事が出来る能力がある。<br /> 旋毛(つむじ)を曲(ま)げる: 気分をそこねてわざと逆らい、意地悪くする。<br /> つむじ【旋毛】毛が渦巻き状に生えているところ。頭頂にある物を言う。毛渦 (もうか) 。つじ。<br /> 面(つら)の皮(かわ)が厚い: 恥を恥とも思わない。ずうずうしい。厚かましい。<br /> 手足(てあし)を伸ばす: ゆっくりと休む。<br /> 手が空(あ)く: 仕事が一段落するなどして暇が出来る。<br /> 手が掛(か)かる: 1 手数を必要とする。世話がやける。2 手でつかんだ状態になる。<br />----<br /> 手を切る: 関係を絶つ。縁を切る。多く、悪い関係・男女関係を断ち切る場合に言う。<br /> 手が切れる: 1 関係がなくなる。縁が切れる。2 紙幣などの真新しいさまの形容に用いる。<br />----<br /> 手が付けられない: 処置の施しようが無い。<br /> 手が出ない: 自分の能力ではとりかかる事が出来ない。<br /> 手が届く: 1 能力の範囲内にある。2 細かいところまで配慮がなされる。行き届く。3 もうすぐある年齢・時期に達する。<br /> 手が無い: 1 人手が足りない。2 施すべき手段・方法が無い。<br /> 手が離れる: 1 仕事がかたづいて、自分と関係が無くなる。2 子供が成長して、世話が必要でなくなる。<br /> 手塩(てしお)に掛(か)ける: 自らいろいろと世話をして大切に育てる。<br /> 手玉(てだま)に取る: 手玉をもてあそぶように、人を思い通りに操る。<br /> もてあそぶ【弄ぶ/玩ぶ/翫ぶ】1 手に持って遊ぶ。手であれこれいじる。2 心の慰みとして愛する。賞翫 (しょうがん) する。3 好き勝手に扱う。楽しむかのように、思いのままに操る。4 人を慰みものにする。なぶる。<br /> 手に汗を握る: 見たり聞いたりしながら、興奮したり緊張したりする。手に汗握る。<br /> 手に負えない: 自分の力では扱いきれない。手に余る。<br /> 手に掛(か)ける: 1 自分で直接行う。2 自分で世話をする。手塩にかける。3 人に処理などを頼む。4 自分の手で人を殺す。<br /> 手に乗る: 1 策略に陥る。2 自分の自由になる。<br /> 手も足も出ない: 施す手段が全く無い。力が及ばずどうしようもない。<br /> 手を打つ: 1 感心したり、思い当たったり、感情が高ぶったりした時に両手を打ち合わせて音をたてる。2 話をまとめる。また、仲直りをする。3 予想される事態に対して必要な処置をとる。<br /> 手を貸す: 労力を貸す。助力する。<br /> 手を染める: 関係をもちはじめる。手をつける。<br /> 手を尽くす: 物事の実現や解決の為に、あらゆる手段を試みる。<br />----<br /> てならす【手慣らす/手馴らす】1 手なずける。飼いならす。2 使いならす。<br /> てなずける【手懐ける】1 動物などを、なつくようにする。2 面倒をよくみるなどして、味方に引き入れる。<br /> かいならす【飼(い)慣らす/飼い馴らす】1 動物に餌を与えたりして、なつかせる。2 人をこちらの都合のよいように手なずける。<br /> つかいならす【使い慣らす/使い馴らす】いつも使って、物をその作業などになれさせる。<br />----<br /> 手を抜く。必要な手間を省く。仕事などを好い加減にする。<br /> 手を広げる: 仕事などの範囲を広くし、規模を大きくする。<br /> 手を焼く: うまく処理出来なくて困る。てこずる。もてあます。<br /> 手を煩(わずら)わす: 他人の世話になる。やっかいになる。<br /> 天狗(てんぐ)になる: いい気になって自慢する。得意になる。うぬぼれる。<br /> 頭角(とうかく)を現(あらわ)す: 才能・技量などが、周囲の人よりも一段とすぐれる。<br /> 峠(とうげ)を越す: 物事の絶頂の時が過ぎる。危ぶまれた時期を過ぎる。<br />----<br /> 堂(どう)に入(い)る: 学問や技芸がすぐれて、深奥をきわめている。また、技術的に熟練していて、身についている。<br /> しんおう【深奥】非常に奥が深い事。また、そういうところや、そのさま。深遠。<br /> ぎげい【技芸/伎芸】1 美術・工芸などの技術。2 歌舞・音曲などの芸能。また、そのわざ。<br />----<br /> 取り付く島: 頼りとして すがる ところ。取り付き所。多く、あとに打消しの表現を伴って用いる。<br /> 長い目で見る: 現状だけで判断を下さず、気長に将来を見守る。<br /> 鳴(な)かず飛ばず: 将来の活躍に備えて行いを控え、機会を待っているさま。また、何の活躍もしないでいるさま。<br /> 泣きを見る: 泣くような辛い(つらい)目にあう。<br /> 謎を掛(か)ける: 1 なぞなぞの題を出して問いかける。2 遠回しにわからせようとする。<br />----<br /> 二の足を踏む: 一歩目は進みながら、二歩目はためらって足踏みする。思い切れずに迷う。ためらう。しりごみする。<br /> しりごみ【尻込み/後込み】1 おじけて、あとじさりすること。2 気後れしてためらう事。ぐずぐずすること。<br /> あしぶみ【足踏み】1 立ち止まったまま両足で交互に地面や床の同じ所を踏む事。2 物事の進行が止まって、同じような状態が続く事。停滞。<br />----<br /> 二(に)の句(く)が継(つ)げない: 次に言う言葉が出てこない。あきれたり驚いたりして、次に言うべき言葉を失う。<br /> にのまい【二の舞】人のあとに出て、そのまねをする事。特に、人のした失敗を繰り返す事。<br /> 睨(にら)みが利(き)く: 他の者を押さえつける威力がある。<br /> 熱が冷める: 熱中する度合いが下がる。<br /> 熱に浮(う)かされる: 1 病気で高熱の為にうわごとを言う。2 前後を忘れて夢中になる。のぼせ上がる。<br /> うわごと【譫言/囈言】1 高熱などで意識の混濁している人が無意識に口走る言葉。2 筋の通らない放言。たわごと。<br /> 根(ね)に持つ: いつまでも恨みに思って忘れない。<br /> ねほりはほり【根掘り葉掘り】徹底的に。しつこくこまごまと。<br /> 根も葉もない: 少しの根拠もない。出鱈目(でたらめ)である。<br /> 音を上(あ)げる: 苦しさに耐えられず声を立てる。弱音を吐く。降参する。<br /> 喉が鳴る: 御馳走を目の前にして、ひどく食べたくなる。<br /> 喉から手が出る: 欲しくてたまらない事をたとえて言う。<br />----<br /> 伸るか反るか(のるかそるか): 成否は天にまかせ、思い切って物事を行う事。いちかばちか。<br /> 一(いち)か八(ばち)か: 結果はどうなろうと、運を天に任せてやってみる事。のるかそるか。<br />----<br /> 歯が浮く: 1 歯の根が緩む。また、歯が浮き上がるように感じる。2 軽薄な言動に接して、不快な気持ちになる。<br /> 歯が立たない: 1 固くて噛む事が出来ない。2 相手が自分の技量をはるかに超えていて、とても取り組めない。<br /> 白紙に戻す: 白紙(はくし)に返す。それまでの経緯をなかったものとして、元の状態に返す。<br /> 拍車(はくしゃ)を掛(か)ける: 《馬の腹に拍車を当てて速く走らせる意から》物事の進行を一段とはやめる。拍車を加える。<br /> きしょく【旗色】1 立場。また、態度。2 戦いの形勢。はたいろ。<br /> 鼻が高い: 誇らしい気持ちである。得意である。<br /> 鼻であしらう: 相手の言葉にとりあおうとせず、冷淡に扱う。鼻先であしらう。<br /> あしらう: 1 応対する。応答する。2 相手を軽んじた扱いをする。みくびって適当に応対する。3 素材や色などをうまく取り合わせる。配合する。<br /> 鼻に掛(か)ける: 自慢する。得意がる。<br /> 鼻に付く: 1 においが鼻につきまとう。2 飽きて嫌になる。また、人の振る舞いなどがうっとうしく感じられる。<br /> 鼻を明かす: 出し抜いてあっと言わせる。<br /> 鼻を折る: おごる心をくじく。得意がっている者をへこませて、恥をかかせる。<br /> くじく【挫く】1 手足の関節などに無理な力が加わって、関節やその周りを痛める。捻挫 (ねんざ) する。2 勢いをそぎ、弱らせる。おさえる。<br /> 花を持たせる: 人に名誉を譲る。その人を立てて功を譲る。<br /> 羽(はね)を伸ばす: 束縛する物がなくなって、のびのびと自由に振る舞う。<br /> 羽目(はめ)を外す: 興に乗って度を過ごす。馬銜 (はめ) を外された馬が走り回る意からとも。<br />----<br /> 歯を食い縛る: 悔しさ・苦痛などを歯をかみ合わせて必死にこらえる。<br /> こらえる【堪える/怺える】1 苦しみなどに、耐えて我慢する。しんぼうする。2 感情などを、抑えて外にあらわさない。3 外から加えられた力にたえる。もちこたえる。4 堪忍する。許す。<br />----<br /> 腹が据わる: 物事に動揺しなくなる。度胸が据わる。<br /> どきょう【度胸】物事を恐れない心。気おくれしない精神力。きもったま。<br /> 腹が立つ: 怒らずにはいられない。しゃくに障る。<br />----<br /> 腹が太い: 度量が大きい。胆力がある。太っ腹である。<br /> ふとっぱら【太っ腹】1 太った腹。ふとばら。2 度量の大きいこと。大胆で、物事に動じないこと。また、そのさまや、その人。<br /> たんりょく【胆力】事にあたって、恐れたり、尻ごみしたりしない精神力。ものに動じない気力。きもったま。<br />----<br /> 腹に据(す)えかねる: 怒りを心中におさめておく事が出来なくなる。我慢が出来ない。<br /> 腹を抱(かか)える: おかしくてたまらず大笑いする。<br /> 腹を探る: それとなく人の意中を探り出そうとする。<br /> 腹を割る: 本心を打ち明ける。隠さずに心の中をさらけ出す。<br /> 腫(は)れ物(もの)に触(さわ)るよう: 機嫌を損じないように気遣い、恐る恐る接するさま。<br /> 引けを取る: 負ける。劣る。<br /> 膝(ひざ)を突き合わせる: 互いの膝が触れあうほど近くに向き合って座る。また、腹蔵なく じっくり話し合う。<br /> ふくぞう【腹蔵/覆蔵】本心を隠して表に出さない事。<br /> 膝を乗り出す: 前へ進み出る。また、興味を感じて乗り気になる。身を乗り出す。膝を進める。 <br /> 膝を交える(まじえる): 親しく同席する。うちとけて語り合う。<br />----<br /> 肘を張る(ひじをはる): 1 肘を突っ張っていかにも強そうな様子をする。威張る。2 気負う。意地を張る。肩肘 (かたひじ) 張る。<br /> つっぱる【突っ張る】1㋐ゆるみがなく強くはる。かたくぴんとしている。からだのすじが強くはってかたくなる。㋑自分の意見を曲げずに強く言い張る。言い分をどこまでも押し通そうとして抵抗する。㋒程度が並はずれている。㋓虚勢をはる。また、不良がかった態度をとる。2㋐倒れたりしないように棒などを押し当てる。つっかいをする。㋑腕・脚などに力を入れて伸ばし強く押す。㋒相撲で、平手で相手を交互に突く。<br /> いばる【威張る】威勢を張って偉そうにする。えばる。<br />----<br /> 額(ひたい)を集める: 顔を寄せ合って相談する。集まって相談する。鳩首 (きゅうしゅ) する。<br /> きゅうしゅ【鳩首】《「鳩」は集める意》人々が寄り集まって、額をつきあわせて相談する事。<br />----<br /> 一泡(ひとあわ)吹かせる: 相手の不意をついたり、予想外の事をやってのけたりして、驚かせうろたえさせる。<br /> うろたえる【狼狽える】1 不意を打たれ、驚いたり慌てたりして取り乱す。狼狽 (ろうばい) する。2 うろうろと歩く。うろつく。<br />----<br /> 一旗(ひとはた)揚(あ)げる: 事業を始めて身を起こす。成功を目指して新事業を起こす。<br /> ひとはだぬぐ【一肌脱ぐ】本気になって他人の為に力を貸す。<br /> 人目(ひとめ)に付(つ)く: 他人が目を向けた時に気づく。目立って見える。<br /> 人目(ひとめ)を忍ぶ(しのぶ): 他人に見られないように心を配る。人に知られないようにする。<br />----<br /> 人を食う: 人を人とも思わない、ずうずうしい態度や言動をする。<br /> ずうずうしい【図図しい】恥を知らない。厚かましい。<br />----<br /> 火に油を注ぐ: 勢いの盛んな物にさらに勢いを加えるような事をする例え。薪 (たきぎ) に油を添える。<br /> 火の消えたよう: 活気を失って寂しくなるさま。<br /> ひのくるま【火の車】1 「火車 (かしゃ) 」を訓読みにした語。2 経済状態が極めて苦しい事。<br /> 日(ひ)の目を見る: それまで埋もれていた物が世に知られるようになる。また、長い間不遇だった者が世に認められるようになる。<br /> 蓋(ふた)を開(あ)ける: 1 物事を始める。また、物事の実情・結果などを見る。2 劇場などが開場する。特に、芝居で、その日の狂言を始めるのに言う。<br /> 筆(ふで)が立つ: 文章が上手である。<br /> ふでをおく【筆を擱く】文章を書き終わる。擱筆(かくひつ)する。また、文筆家が書くのをやめる。 <br /> 懐(ふところ)が寒い: 所持金が少ない。懐が寂しい。<br /> 懐(ふところ)を肥やす: 不当の利益を得る。私腹を肥やす。懐を暖める。<br /> 腑(ふ)に落ちない: 納得がいかない。合点がいかない。<br /> 弁(べん)が立つ: 話し方がうまい。雄弁である。<br /> 棒(ぼう)に振る: それまで積み重ねてきた物を無にしてしまう。<br /> 臍(ほぞ)を固(かた)める: 決意を固める。覚悟を決める。<br /> 臍(ほぞ)を噬(か)む: 後悔する。すでにどうにもならなくなった事を悔やむ。<br /> 骨が折れる: 労力がいる。困難である。<br /> 骨を惜しむ: 労苦を嫌って怠ける。骨を盗む。<br /> 本腰(ほんごし)を入れる: 本気になる。真剣になって取り組む。本腰を据える。<br /> ほんね【本音】1 本来の音色。本当の音色。2 本心から言う言葉。「―が出る」「―を吐く」<br /> 魔(ま)が差す: 悪魔が心に入り込んだように、一瞬判断や行動を誤る。出来心を起こす。<br /> 枕(まくら)を高くする: 安心して寝る。また、安心して暮らす。<br /> 眉(まゆ)に唾(つば)を塗(ぬ)る: だまされないように用心する。眉に唾をつける。<br />----<br /> 丸(まる)く収(おさ)める: もめ事を円満に解決する。争いをさけ穏便にすませる。<br /> おんびん【穏便】1 物事をかど立てずおだやかに行うこと。また、そのさま。2 手軽なこと。便利なこと。また、そのさま。<br />----<br /> 水に流す: 過去のいざこざなどを、すべて無かった事にする。<br /> いざこざ: もめごと。争いごと。ごたごた。<br />----<br /> 水を打ったよう: その場にいる大勢の人々が静まりかえるさま。<br /> 水をさす: 1 水を加えて薄くする。2 仲のいい者同士や、うまく進行している事などに、わきから邪魔をする。<br /> 身につまされる: 他人の不幸などが、自分の境遇・立場と思い合わさって切実に感じられる。<br /> 耳が痛い: 他人の言葉が自分の弱点をついていて、聞くのがつらい。<br /> 耳が早い: 物音や世間の噂などを聞きつけるのが早い。<br />----<br /> 耳に胼胝(たこ)が出来る: 同じ事を何度も聞かされて、嫌になる。<br /> たこ【胼胝/胝】繰り返し圧迫を受けた皮膚の部分が角質化し厚くなったもの。骨の出っぱったところにできやすい。ペンだこや座りだこ、肘 (ひじ) だこなど。べんち。<br />----<br /> 耳を澄ます: 聞こうとして注意を集中する。耳をそばだてる。<br /> そばだてる: 1 一方の端を高くする。2㋐耳や目の注意力をそのほうへ集中させる。㋑枕などから頭を持ち上げて聞き耳をたてる。3 高くそびえたたせる。<br />----<br /> 脈(みゃく)がない: 1 脈拍が途絶えている。死んでいる。2 見込みがない。希望がもてない。<br /> 身を粉にする: 労力を惜しまず一心に仕事をする。<br /> 胸が騒ぐ: 不安や期待などで心が落ち着かない思いがする。胸騒ぎがする。<br /> 胸がすく: 心が晴れやかになる。すっとする。<br /> 胸を撫で下ろす: 心配事が解決してほっとする。安心する。<br /> 目が利(き)く: 良し悪しを見分ける能力を持っている。鑑識眼がある。<br />----<br /> 目が眩(くら)む: 1 目まいがする。2 強い光線などの為に、一時的に視力を失う。3 心を奪われて判断力が無くなる。<br /> 目が回る: 1 めまいがする。目がくらむ。2 非常に忙しい様子の形容。<br /> めまい【目眩】目が回ったり、くらんだりすること。回転・昇降・傾斜などを感じるものは平衡感覚の異常により、立ちくらみのものは血行障害により起こる。げんうん。<br /> くらむ【暗む/眩む/晦む】1 暗くなる。㋐強い光を受けて、一時的に目が見えなくなる。㋑過度の刺激を受けたり、疲労から、目が回る。めまいがする。㋒ある物事に心を奪われて、よしあしの判断ができなくなる。暗くする。また、くらます。隠す。<br />----<br /> 目が覚める: 1 眠りから覚める。2 迷いが去り、正しい姿に立ち返る。<br /> 目が無い: 1 夢中になって、思慮分別をなくすほど好きである。2 物事の良し悪しを識別する力が無い。<br /> 目に余る: 1 程度がひどくて黙って見ていられないほどである。2 数が多くて一目で見渡せないほどである。<br /> 横車(よこぐるま)を押す: 道理に合わない事を無理に押し通す。横に車を押す。<br />----<br /> 埒(らち)が明(あ)く: 物事に決まりが付く。片が付く。<br /> らち【埒】1 馬場の周囲に巡らした柵。2 物の周囲に、また仕切りとして設けた柵。駅の改札口付近の柵など。3 物事の区切り。また、限界。<br />----<br /> 路頭(ろとう)に迷う: 生活の道をなくし、住む家もなく、ひどく困る。<br />----<br /> 罠(わな)に掛(か)かる: 1 動物や鳥などが罠にひっかかる。2 他人の計略にはまってだまされる。<br /> わな【罠/羂/輪奈】1 縄や竹などを輪の形にして、その中に入った鳥や獣を締めて生けどりにする仕掛け。転じて、網や落とし穴など、広く鳥獣を捕らえる仕掛けを言う。2 人をだまして陥れる為の計略。3 (輪奈)ひもなどを輪状にしたもの。<br />----<br /> 輪(わ)を掛(か)ける: 程度をさらにはなはだしくする。hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-31641453251439567082016-09-15T03:25:00.001+09:002016-09-15T19:44:55.921+09:00寿司 すし【鮨/鮓/寿司】 sushi; vinegared rice topped with raw fish, or rolled in seaweed with various ingredients. 1 塩をふった魚介類を飯とともに漬け、自然発酵によって酸味を生じさせたもの。熟 (な) れずし。生熟れ。2 酢で調味した飯に、生、または塩や酢をふりかけた魚などの具を配した料理。握りずし・散らしずし・蒸しずしなど。酢は暑さに耐えるので夏の食品とされた。<br /> すしだね【鮨種】 sushi topping. 鮨の具として使う材料。魚貝や卵など。たね。ねた。すしねた。<br /> すしや【鮨屋】〔店〕 a sushi shop; 〔カウンター式の〕 a sushi bar. 鮨をつくって売る店。また、その人。<br /> ぎょかい【魚介/魚貝】 fishery products; fish and shellfish; seafood. 魚類と貝類。また、海産動物の総称。<br /><br /> しん【芯】 core. もののなか。中央。中心。<br /> あかみ【赤身】〔肉の〕 lean meat; 〔まぐろなどの〕 red flesh. 動物、特に魚の肉の赤い部分。<br /> しろみ【白身】〔魚の〕white flesh; 〔鶏肉・七面鳥などの〕white meat. 肉、特に魚肉の白い部分。また、タイ・ヒラメなど、肉の白い魚。<br /> あぶらみ【脂身】 fat; 〔脂身の多い肉〕fatty meat. 肉の、脂肪の多い部分。脂肪の多い肉。<br /><br /> す【酢】 vinegar. 酢酸を含む酸味のある調味料。ほかに有機酸類・糖類・アミノ酸類を含み芳香とうまみをもつ。日本には4世紀ごろに中国から伝来。米酢 (こめす) ・粕酢 (かすず) などの穀物酢、りんご酢・ぶどう酢などの果実酢など、醸造酢が主であるが、氷酢酸を主原料とする合成酢もある。 <br /> わさび【山葵】 wasabi, Japanese horseradish. アブラナ科の多年草。日本特産。渓流の砂礫 (されき) 地に生える。根茎は太い円柱形で多数の葉の跡があり、緑色。根際から長い柄をもつ心臓形の葉が出る。春、高さ約30センチの茎を伸ばし、白い4弁花を総状につける。根茎は香辛料とし、すりおろすと酵素が働いて鼻につんとくる香気と辛味を生じ、刺身・そば・握りずしなどに用いる。山間地で栽培もされる。<br /> のり【海苔】 Laver. Edible seaweed. 1 ウシケノリ科アマノリ属の紅藻の総称。主に海岸のしぶきのかかる岩上に生え、冬から春に生育。アサクサノリ・スサビノリなどは養殖もされる。また、アオノリなどの緑藻や、スイゼンジノリなどのカワノリも含めていう。食用。2 アサクサノリを、紙と同じようにして漉 (す) いて干した食品。<br /> ほしのり【干し海苔/乾し海苔】 dried edible seaweed. 生ノリを刻み、紙漉 (す) きの要領ですいて乾燥させたもの。<br /><br /> かいてんずし【回転寿司】 rotating sushi. 小皿に盛ったすしを、客の目の前を回るベルトにのせ、客が好みで選び取る方式の店。<br /> さしみ【刺身】 sashimi; fresh slices of raw fish. 新鮮な魚介類などを、生のまま薄く小さく切り、醤油・わさびなどをつけて食べる料理。おつくり。つくりみ。<br /> こざら【小皿】 small plate. 小さい皿。てしお皿。<br /> もる【盛る】〔積み上げる〕heap [pile] up. 物を容器に入れて満たす。<br /><br /> しおづけ【塩漬け】 food preserved in salt. 野菜・魚・肉などを塩で漬けること。また、その漬けたもの。<br /> あぶらづけ【油漬(け)】イワシ・ニシンなどの魚肉を塩に漬けるか蒸すかしたのち、オリーブ油などに漬けること。また、その食品。多く缶詰・瓶詰とする。<br /><br /> しょうが【生姜】 ginger. ショウガ科の多年草。地下茎は辛味と香気とがあり、食用・香辛料にする。<br /> あまず【甘酢】 vinegar sweetened with mirin and sugar. 砂糖・みりんなどをまぜて甘みを強くした酢。<br /> がり: sliced ginger prepared in vinegar (served with sushi); pickled ginger. すしに添える甘酢しょうが。食べるときの音からの名という。<br /><br /> はくまい【白米】 white rice. 玄米をついて糠 (ぬか) や胚芽 (はいが) を取り除いた米。精米。精白米。<br /> めし【飯】〔米飯〕 boiled rice. 米・麦などを炊いたもの。ごはん。いい。<br /> すしめし【鮨飯】rice seasoned with vinegar, sugar and salt, used for preparing sushi; sushi rice. 鮨に用いる飯。白米に酢・塩・砂糖で味をつけたもの。<br /><br /> ちらしずし【散らし鮨】 sushi rice in a box or bowl with a variety of ingredients sprinkled on top. 鮨飯の上に、刺身・ゆでた小えび・玉子焼き・かまぼこ・かんぴょうなどを並べた鮨。関西では、小さく切った具を鮨飯にまぜたものに錦糸 (きんし) 玉子をのせ、ばらずし・ごもくずし・かやくずしなどとよぶ。<br /> にぎりずし【握り鮨】 vinegared rice balls with slices of raw fish on top. 魚や貝などの種 (たね) を、小さく握り固めた鮨飯にのせた鮨。江戸前鮨。<br /> むしずし【蒸し鮨】味つけをしたシイタケ・干瓢 (かんぴょう) ・焼きアナゴなどを刻んで鮨飯にまぜ、金糸玉子を上にのせて蒸した鮨。もとは関西で作られた。ぬくずし。ぬくめずし。<br /> まきずし【巻き鮨】 makizushi; sushi made rolled in nori seaweed with a core of filling. 海苔 (のり) や薄焼き玉子、板状にしたとろろ昆布で、具を芯にして鮨飯を巻いたもの。細巻き・太巻きや伊達 (だて) 巻き・磯 (いそ) 巻きなどがある。巻き物。<br /> いなりずし【稲荷鮨】 a pouch of fried bean curd stuffed with vinegared rice. 煮つけた油揚げの中に鮨飯を詰めたもの。しのだずし。きつねずし。おいなりさん。<br /> えどまえずし【江戸前鮨】 Tokyo- [Edo-] style sushi. <br /> 巻き簾(まきす) sushi mat (bamboo mat used in food preparation, especially to roll makizushi)<br /><br /> かっぱまき【河童巻(き)】 cucumber and vinegared rice rolled in a sheet of laver. キュウリを芯にした細いのり巻き。<br /> のりまき【海苔巻(き)】 vinegared rice rolled in dried laver. 具を芯にして鮨 (すし) 飯を干し海苔で巻いたもの。巻き鮨。<br /> てっかまき【鉄火巻(き)】 raw tuna slices and vinegared rice rolled in laver. マグロの赤身におろしワサビを添えたものを芯 (しん) にした、細いのり巻きずし。<br /> てまきずし【手巻き鮨】 hand-rolled sushi. 巻き簀 (す) などの道具を使わずに、手だけでつくるすし。<br /> ぐんかんまき【軍艦巻(き)】握った寿司飯の側面を大きめの海苔で巻き、飯の上にウニ・イクラなどをのせたすし。軍艦。<br /> ふとまき【太巻(き)】太く巻くこと。また、太く巻いたもの。<br /> ほそまき【細巻(き)】細く巻くこと。また、そのもの。タバコやのり巻きにいう。<br /><br /> かんぴょう【干瓢/乾瓢】 dried shavings of calabash, a type of gourd. ユウガオの白い果肉を細長くむき、干した食品。鮨 (すし) ・煮物の具にする。<br /><br /> なかおち【中落ち】 left-over flesh on the spine of a fish (esp. tuna) or beef. 魚を三枚におろしたときの中骨の部分。また、そこについている肉。<br /> とろ: 〔マグロの〕 fatty tuna (from the belly section). マグロの肉の脂肪の多い部分。<br /> ちゅうとろ【中とろ】 moderately fatty tuna. マグロの背肉。腹肉の大とろより脂肪が少ない。刺身や、すしだねにする。<br /> おおとろ【大とろ】 extremely fatty part of tuna. マグロの腹肉。もっとも脂肪のある部分。刺し身・すしだねにする。<br /> ねぎとろ【葱とろ】 tuna minced with Welsh onion leaves (type of sushi topping). マグロなどの皮の裏にある脂身や中落ちの身をそぎ落とし、きざんだアサツキなどを散らしたもの。軍艦巻きや丼ものにする。<br /> あさつき【浅葱】〔ユリ科の多年草〕 chives. 1 ユリ科の多年草。地下茎はラッキョウに似る。葉は淡緑色の筒状でネギに似る。食用として栽培。せんぼんわけぎ。せんぶき。2 葉ネギを若いうちに収穫したもの。小葱。<br />----<br /> かいすいぎょ【海水魚】 saltwater fish. 海水域にすむ魚。海にいる魚。鹹水魚 (かんすいぎょ) 。<br /> たんすいぎょ【淡水魚】 freshwater fish. 淡水にすむ魚類。一生を淡水で過ごすコイ・フナなどと、ある時期海に入るアユ・ウナギ・サケなどとがある。<br />----<br /> まぐろ【鮪】 tuna. スズキ目サバ科マグロ属の海水魚の総称。クロマグロ・キハダ・メバチ・ビンナガなど。体は大形で紡錘形をし、背面は青黒色、腹面は銀白色。外洋を回遊し、体側の赤色筋(血合 (ちあい) )が発達している。刺身・鮨種 (すしだね) などにする。<br /> ツナ【tuna】マグロ類のこと。一般に、ビンナガの油漬けをいう。<br />----<br /> いわし【鰯/鰮】 sardine. ニシン科のマイワシ・ウルメイワシやカタクチイワシ科のカタクチイワシなどの海水魚の総称。ふつうはマイワシをさす。暖流に乗って回遊し、産卵期には近海に集まる。食用のほか、油をとったり、肥料や飼料にしたりする。稚魚は、しらす。<br /> さば【鯖】 mackerel. スズキ目サバ科の海水魚、マサバとゴマサバの総称。体は紡錘形でやや側扁し、背びれ・尻びれの後方に小さなひれがいくつか並ぶ。世界に広く分布し、代表的な食用魚。<br /> にしん【鰊/鯡】 herring. ニシン目ニシン科の海水魚。全長約30センチ。体は長く、マイワシに似るが体側に黒点がない。北太平洋に広く分布し、沖合を回遊。春季、産卵のために群れをなして接岸する。食用。卵は数の子とよばれる。かど。かどいわし。はるつげうお。<br />----<br /> たら【鱈】 a codfish; a haddock. タラ目タラ科の魚の総称。あごに1本のひげがあり、背びれは三つ、しりびれは二つある。日本近海にはマダラ・スケトウダラ・コマイを産する。たいこうぎょ。<br /> まだら【真鱈】 cod. タラ科の海水魚。全長約80センチ。体は紡錘形で前半部が太く、全体にやや側扁する。背びれ3基、しりびれ2基をもち、背側は不定形の褐色斑があり、腹側は白い。北太平洋から日本海にかけて産し、冬が旬。ほんだら。たら。<br /> たらこ【鱈子】 cod roe; 〔塩漬けの〕 salted cod roe. タラの卵巣。特に、スケトウダラの卵巣を塩漬けにしたもの。秋から冬にかけて最も美味とされる。<br /> めんたいこ【明太子】たらこを唐辛子に漬けて熟成したもの。<br />----<br /> さけ【鮭/鮏】 salmon. しゃけ。サケ目サケ科の海水魚。全長約1メートル。体は長い紡錘形で側扁し、尾びれ近くに脂びれがある。背側は暗青色、腹側は銀白色。北太平洋を広く回遊し、河川に上って産卵する。産卵期の雄は吻 (ふん) が鉤 (かぎ) 状に曲がるので、俗に鼻曲がりとよばれる。肉は淡紅色で美味。卵は筋子 (すじこ) ・イクラとして賞味される。シロザケ。<br /> ます【鱒】 trout. サケ科の魚で「マス」とつく名のものの称。特に、サクラマス・カラフトマスをいう。また、釣りではニジマスをさすこともある。<br /> イクラ: salted salmon roe (i.e. individual mature eggs). サケ・マスの卵を塩漬けにした食品。日本では、筋子に対し、成熟した卵を一粒ずつ離したものをいう。<br />----<br /> あなご【穴子】 conger (eel); a sea eel. ウナギ目アナゴ科の海水魚の総称。ウナギに似て、うろこ・腹びれがない。マアナゴ・クロアナゴ・ギンアナゴなどは食用。夏に美味。<br /> うに【海胆/海栗】1 sea-urchin. ウニ綱の棘皮 (きょくひ) 動物の総称。殻は半球形・円錐形・円盤形などで、表面は栗のいが状のとげに覆われ、とげの間から細い糸状の管足を出して運動する。口器は下面中央にあり、「アリストテレスの提灯 (ちょうちん) 」とよばれ、肛門は背面中央にある。すべて海産で、生殖巣を食用にするものにアカウニ・バフンウニ・ムラサキウニなどがある。2 (「雲丹」とも書く)(paste of) seasoned sea-urchin eggs. ウニの生殖巣。生で食べるほか、練りうになどにもする。<br />----<br /> なんたいどうぶつ【軟体動物】 mollusc. 動物界の一門。体は軟らかく、頭・足・内臓からなるが、明らかな区別はできない。外套膜 (がいとうまく) で覆われ、多くは体表に石灰質の殻を分泌する。ヒザラガイ・巻き貝類・ツノガイ類・二枚貝類・頭足類などに分けられる。<br /> とうそくるい【頭足類】 cephalopods. 頭足綱の軟体動物の総称。体は頭・胴・腕に分かれ、腕は頭につく。数十本の腕と二対のえらをもつ四鰓 (しさい) 類(オウムガイ類)と、8または10本の腕と一対のえらをもつ二鰓類(イカ類・タコ類)とに分けられる。<br /> せっそくどうぶつ【節足動物】 arthropod. 動物界の一門。体はクチクラの外骨格に覆われ、成長にともなって脱皮をする。体節に分かれ、頭・胸・腹部があり、各節に付属肢が一対ずつつくのが原則。頭にはたいてい触角・目をもつ。全動物の4分の3近くの80万種以上を含み、昆虫・甲殻類・蛛形 (ちゅけい) 類・唇脚類・倍脚類・剣尾類などに分けられる。<br /> こうかくるい【甲殻類】 Crustacea. 甲殻綱の節足動物の総称。エビ・カニ・ヤドカリ・アミ・ミジンコなど。主に水中にすみ、えらで呼吸。体は頭・胸・腹の3部に分かれ、胸部の付属肢は歩行・捕食または遊泳に、腹部の付属肢は遊泳または哺育 (ほいく) に使われる。<br /> にまいがい【二枚貝】 bivalve. 二枚貝綱に分類される軟体動物の総称。体の左右に一対の貝殻があり、触角・目はなく、えらは弁状で二対あり、足は斧のような形をしている。アカガイ・ホタテガイ・ハマグリ・シジミなど。斧足 (おのあし・ふそく) 類。双殻類。弁鰓 (べんさい) 類。<br />----<br /> いか【烏賊】 squid; 〔甲いかの類〕a cuttlefish. コウイカ目とツツイカ目の頭足類の総称。胴は円筒状の外套膜 (がいとうまく) に包まれ、先に幅広のひれがある。10本の腕をもち、特に長い2本は捕食などに用い、敵にあうと墨を出して逃げる。コウイカ類は石灰質の甲を、ツツイカ類は膠質 (こうしつ) の軟甲をもつ。すべて海産。食用となるものが多く、干したものは「するめ」という。<br /> げそ: すし屋などで、イカの足のこと。<br /> するめ【鯣】 dried cuttlefish. イカの胴を縦に切り開き、内臓を取り去って干した食品。祝儀に用いることが多い。<br />----<br /> えび【海老/蝦】十脚目長尾亜目の甲殻類の総称。海水または淡水にすむ。体は頭胸部と腹部に区別される。頭胸部は1枚の甲殻で覆われ、二対の触角、五対の歩脚をもつ。腹部は7節からなり、五対の遊泳脚がある。歩行するイセエビ・ザリガニ、遊泳するクルマエビ・サクラエビ・シバエビなどがある。食用、魚類のえさとして重要。〔大えび〕a lobster; <br /> こえび【小海老】 shrimp. 小形のエビ。<br /> いせえび【伊勢海老/伊勢蝦】 spring lobster. 十脚目イセエビ科の甲殻類。岩礁にすむ大形のエビで体長約35センチに達する。宮城県北部から南の太平洋岸に分布。名は、もと伊勢湾で多くとれたことに由来。美味。祝儀用や正月の飾り物に用いられる。<br /> くるまえび【車蝦/車海老】 prawn. 十脚目クルマエビ科のエビ。日本各地の沿岸の浅海底にすみ、体長約20センチ。体は薄い褐色で濃褐色の横縞があり、腹部を曲げると模様が車輪のように見える。食用で養殖もされる。<br /> かに【蟹】 crab. 十脚目短尾亜目の甲殻類の総称。体は頭胸部にあたる甲と、一対のはさみ脚および四対の歩脚からなる。腹部は甲の腹側に折れ曲がって密着し、雌のほうが幅広い。海水・淡水・陸のいずれにも分布し、食用とするものが多い。ふつう横向きに歩行するが、前または後方に歩ける種もある。サワガニ・スナガニ・ガザミ・ケガニなど。<br />----<br /> たこ【蛸/章魚/鮹】 octopus. 頭足綱八腕目の軟体動物の総称。卵円形の頭状のところが胴で、内臓が収まっており、口状の漏斗からは墨・水・排泄物などを出す。頭は目のあるところで、口を俗にからすとんびといい、その下に8本の腕をもつ。腕には吸盤があるが、イカと異なりいぼ状。すべて海産で、肉食性。日本にはマダコ・イイダコ・ミズダコなどが分布し、食用にする。<br /> ほたてがい【帆立貝】 scallop; a scollop. イタヤガイ科の二枚貝。浅海に多く、殻長約20センチ。貝殻は円形に近い扇形で、殻頂は耳状に広がる。殻表に放射肋 (ほうしゃろく) があり、左殻はやや平らで赤褐色、右殻はやや膨らみ白色。殻を帆のように立てて進むといわれるが、実際は殻を激しく開閉し水を噴射させて移動する。東北・北海道に分布。食用。特に大きな貝柱は珍重され、養殖もされる。うみおうぎ。<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-16619852266842614912016-09-14T00:26:00.000+09:002016-09-14T00:26:03.994+09:00おでん おでん【御田】 oden; a Japanese dish containing all kinds of ingredients cooked in a special broth of soy sauce, sugar, sake, etc. さつまあげ・はんぺん・焼きちくわ・つみれ・蒟蒻 (こんにゃく) ・大根などを、汁をたっぷり使って煮込んだ料理。煮込みおでん。関西では、関東だき・関東煮とよぶ。 <br /> ぐ【具】 ingredients. 料理で、汁、まぜ御飯などに入れたり付け添えたりする魚・貝・肉・野菜などの副材料。<br /> しる【汁】 juice; broth. すまし汁・味噌汁などの汁物。つゆ。<br /> ぎょにく【魚肉】 fish (meat). 魚の肉。 <br /> すりみ【擂り身】 minced marine meat, paste. 魚肉に食塩を加えてすりつぶしたもの。つくね・かまぼこ・ちくわなどにする。<br /> だしじる【出し汁】かつお節などの削り節や昆布・煮干しなどを煮出した汁。汁物・煮物などの味をよくするために用いる。煮出し汁。だし。<br /> さつまあげ【薩摩揚(げ)】 a deep-fried patty [ball] of fish paste (containing vegetable bits). すり身にした魚肉を味つけして油で揚げた食品。刻んだ野菜を加えることもある。 <br /> ちくわ【竹輪】 a tubular roll of boiled [grilled] fish paste. 魚肉のすり身にでんぷんなどを加えて練り、細い竹や鉄棒に巻きつけて焼いた食品。 <br /> はんぺん【半平/半片】 a light, puffy cake made of ground fish. 魚肉をすりつぶし、ヤマノイモなどを加えて蒸した練り製品の一。方形・半月形などに作り、白くて柔らかい。おでん・澄まし汁などに使う。 <br /> つみれ【摘入/抓入】魚のすり身に卵・片栗粉などのつなぎと調味料を入れてまぜ、少しずつちぎって熱湯でゆでたもの。<br /> こんにゃく【蒟蒻/菎蒻】 konnyaku; a gelatinous food made from devil's-tongue starch. 1 サトイモ科の多年草。地下茎は大きい扁球 (へんきゅう) 形で、高さ約1メートルの葉を1枚伸ばす。葉は二股状に分かれ、さらに不規則に裂けている。葉の出ない年の初夏、高さ約1メートルの花茎を伸ばし、仏炎苞 (ぶつえんほう) をもつ花をつける。インドシナの原産で、古くから栽培。こにゃく。2 1の地下茎を粉にしたものを水で練り、石灰液を加え、ゆでて固まらせた食品。成分のほとんどは水分で、グルコマンナンを含む。 <br /> だいこん【大根】 Japanese white radish. アブラナ科の越年草または一年草。白い長大な円柱状の根をもつ。葉は長く、羽状に深く裂ける。春、約1メートルの茎が伸び、淡紫色または白色の多数の花が咲く。ヨーロッパの原産で、日本には古く中国から渡来。根・葉を食用とする。春の七草の一。すずしろ。つちおおね。だいこ。 <br /> ゆでたまご【茹で卵】 a boiled egg. 鶏卵を殻のままゆでたもの。ボイルドエッグ。うでたまご。<br /> こんぶ【昆布】 sea tangle; kelp. コンブ科コンブ属の褐藻の総称。主に東北・北海道の沿岸に分布。外見は根・茎・葉に区別され、長さ数十メートルにも達する。マコンブ・リシリコンブなど。こぶ。えびすめ。ひろめ。<br /> しらたき【白滝】 fine, whitish strings of konnyaku. 白いこんにゃく粉をこねて湯の中に細く突き出して固めた食品。<br /> なまあげ【生揚(げ)】 deep-fried bean curd. 油揚げの一。豆腐を厚く切って油で揚げたもの。関西では厚揚げという。<br /> あつあげ【厚揚げ】 a block of deep-fried bean curd. 「生揚げ」に同じ。<br /> がんも: 「がんもどき」の略。<br /> がんもどき【雁擬き】 deep-fried bean curd containing bits of various kinds of vegetables. 豆腐を崩して、細く切った野菜や昆布などを加え、油で揚げたもの。味が雁の肉に似るのでこの名がある。飛竜頭 (ひりょうず) 。がんも。<br /> とうふ【豆腐】 tofu; bean curd. 大豆の加工食品。水に浸した大豆を砕いて煮た汁を布でこして豆乳を作り、苦汁 (にがり) などを加えて固まらせたもの。木綿豆腐・絹ごし豆腐などがある。<br /> きんちゃく【巾着】 a drawstring (coin) purse; a money pouch. 布や革などで作った、口をひもで締める小さな袋。金銭・薬などを入れて持ち歩いた<br /> あぶら(あ)げ【油揚げ】 (a thin slice of) deep-fried [deep-fat fried] bean curd. 薄く切った豆腐を植物油で揚げた食品。薄あげ。あぶらげ。あげ。<br /> もち【餅】 rice cake. 糯米 (もちごめ) を蒸して臼でついて、種々の形にまとめたもの。正月や節句、祝い事に用いられる。広くは、糯米以外の穀類で作るものをもいう。<br /> からし【芥子/芥/辛子】 mustard. カラシナの種子を粉にした香辛料。黄色で辛く、水で練って用いる。また、カラシナの別名。<br /> むすびこんぶ【結び昆布】細く切った昆布を結んだもの。煮物や雑煮などに入れる。むすびこぶ。<br /> にもの【煮物】 food boiled and seasoned. 材料に調味した汁を加えて煮ること。また、煮たもの。<br /> ぞうに【雑煮】 zoni; soup containing rice cakes which is eaten on New Year's Day. 餅 (もち) に具をあしらった汁物。地方により具はさまざまで、仕立ても澄まし汁・味噌汁といろいろ。主として正月の祝い膳に用いる。<br /> しるもの【汁物】 soup. 汁を主にした料理。吸い物・味噌汁など。しるのもの。つゆもの。<br /> すいもの【吸い物】 soup. 日本料理で、汁を主体にした汁物の一種。一般にはすまし汁をいう。<br /> つくね【捏ね】 meatball [fish ball]. 鶏肉や豚肉のひき肉、たたいた魚肉などに鶏卵・片栗粉などをつなぎに加え、よくこねて丸めたもの。<br /> ゆずこしょう【柚胡椒】九州特産の調味料の一。唐辛子・ユズの皮をすりつぶしてペースト状にし、塩を加えたもの。九州の一部の地域では、唐辛子を「胡椒」と呼ぶことからいう。<br /> すましじる【澄まし汁】醤油と塩でだし汁に味つけした透明な吸い物。おすまし。<br /> かまぼこ【蒲鉾】 boiled fish paste [sausage]. 白身の魚のすり身に調味料を加えて練り、蒸し煮あるいはあぶり焼きした食品。長方形の板に材料を半月形に盛り上げる板付きかまぼことすることが多いが、板を用いないものもある。古くは細い竹を芯にして筒形に塗りつけ、その形がガマの穂に似るところからこの名がついた。<br /> しろみ【白身】 〔魚の〕white flesh; 〔鶏肉・七面鳥などの〕white meat. 肉、特に魚肉の白い部分。また、タイ・ヒラメなど、肉の白い魚。hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-52543895369425941152015-10-22T23:15:00.002+09:002015-10-22T23:16:38.309+09:00Git--BEGIN--<br />
GitLab<br />
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Create, review and deploy code together<br />
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GitLab CE (Community Edition)<br />
GitLab EE (Enterprise Edition)<br />
GitLab.com (On Our Server)<br />
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git repository management<br />
code reviews<br />
issue tracking<br />
CI: continuous integration<br />
deployment tool<br />
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Start using Git on the commandline<br />
Create an account on GitLab.com.<br />
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Find the shell of your preference.<br />
・Terminal on Mac OSX<br />
・GitBash on Windows<br />
・Linux Terminal on Linux<br />
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Check if Git has already been installed:<br />
Git is usually preinstalled on Mac and Linux.<br />
git --version<br />
If you don't receive a "Git version" message, you need to download Git.<br />
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Add your Git username and set your email.<br />
Every Git commit that you create will use this information.<br />
To add your username:<br />
git config --global user.name ADD YOUR USERNAME<br />
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To verify your username:<br />
git config --global user.name<br />
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To set your email address:<br />
git config --global user.email ADD YOUR EMAIL<br />
<br />
To verify your email:<br />
git config --global user.email<br />
<br />
--global: It tells Git to always use this information for anything you do on that system. <br />
If you want to override this with a different username or email address for specific projects, you can run the command without the "--global" option when you're in that project.<br />
<br />
To view the information:<br />
git config --global --list<br />
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How to create your SSH Keys<br />
You need to connect your computer to your GitLab account through SSH Keys. They are unique for every computer that you link your GitLab account with.<br />
<br />
Generate your SSH Key<br />
Create an account on GitLab.<br />
Sign up and check your email for your confirmation link.<br />
After you confirm, go to GitLab.com and sign in to your account<br />
<br />
Add your SSH Key<br />
Click on "profile settings"<br />
Click on "SSH Keys"<br />
Click on "Add SSH Key"<br />
Paste the SSH Key that your commandline will generate for you. <br />
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When you copy a project you say you "clone" it. <br />
To work on a git project locally (from your own computer), you will need to clone it. To do this, sign in to GitLab.com<br />
When you are on your Dashboard, click on the project that you'd like to clone, which you'll find at the right side of your screen<br />
To work in the project, you can copy a link to the Git repository through a SSH or a HTTPS protocol. <br />
SSH is easier to use after it's been setup. <br />
When you're in the project, click on the HTTPS or SSH button at the right side of your screen. <br />
Then copy the link (you'll have to paste it on your shell in the next step)<br />
<br />
On the command line<br />
To clone your project, go to your computer's shell and type the following command:<br />
git clone PASTE HTTPS OR SSH HERE<br />
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Go into a project, directory or file to work in it:<br />
cd NAME-OF-PROJECT-OR-FILE<br />
Go back one directory or file:<br />
cd ../<br />
To see what's in the directory that you are in:<br />
ls<br />
Create a directory:<br />
mkdir NAME-OF-YOUR-DIRECTORY<br />
Create a README.md or file in directory:<br />
touch README.md<br />
nano README.md<br />
#### ADD YOUR INFORMATION<br />
#### Press: control + X<br />
#### Type: Y<br />
#### Press: enter<br />
Remove a file:<br />
rm NAME-OF-FILE<br />
Remove a directory and all of its contents:<br />
rm -rf NAME-OF-DIRECTORY<br />
View history in the command line:<br />
history<br />
Carry out commands for which the account you are using lacks authority. (You will be asked for an administrator's password):<br />
sudo<br />
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Basic Git commands<br />
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Go to the master branch to pull the latest changes from there:<br />
git checkout master<br />
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Download the latest changes in the project, so that you work on an up-to-date copy (this is important to do every time you work on a project), while you setup tracking branches:<br />
git pull REMOTE NAME-OF-BRANCH -u<br />
(REMOTE: origin) (NAME-OF-BRANCH: could be "master" or an existing branch)<br />
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Create a branch (remember that spaces won't be recognized, you need to use a hyphen or underscore):<br />
git checkout -b NAME-OF-BRANCH<br />
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Work on a branch that has already been created:<br />
git checkout NAME-OF-BRANCH<br />
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To see the changes you've made:<br />
git status<br />
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Add changes to commit (you'll be able to see your changes in red when you type "git status"):<br />
git add CHANGES IN RED<br />
git commit -m "DESCRIBE THE INTENTION OF THE COMMIT"<br />
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Send changes to gitlab.com:<br />
git push origin NAME-OF-BRANCH<br />
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Throw away all changes in the Git repository, but leave unstaged things:<br />
git checkout .<br />
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Delete all changes in the Git repository, including untracked files:<br />
git clean -f<br />
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Remove all the changes that you don't want to send to gitlab.com:<br />
git add NAME-OF-FILE -all<br />
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Merge created branch with master branch. You need to be in the created branch:<br />
git checkout NAME-OF-BRANCH<br />
git merge master<br />
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Create a project<br />
Sign in to GitLab.com.<br />
Go to your Dashboard and click on "new project" on the right side of your screen.<br />
Fill out the required information.<br />
1. Project path or the name of your project (you can't add spaces, so you can use hyphens or underscores)<br />
2. Your project's description<br />
3. Select a visibility level<br />
4. You can also import your existing projects<br />
5. Click on "create project"<br />
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Create a group<br />
Your projects in GitLab.com can be organized in 2 different ways:<br />
under your own namespace for single projects, such as ´your-name/project-1'; or under groups.<br />
If you organize your projects under a group, it works like a folder. You can manage your group members' permissions and access to the projects.<br />
<br />
To create a group:<br />
Sign in to GitLab.com.<br />
When you are on your Dashboard, click on "Groups" on the left menu of your screen.<br />
Click on "New group" on the top right side of your screen:<br />
Fill out the information required:<br />
1. Add a group path or group name (you can't add spaces, so you can use hyphens or underscores).<br />
2. Add details or a group description.<br />
3. You can choose a group avatar if you'd like.<br />
4. Click on "create group".<br />
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Add a project to a group<br />
There are 2 different ways to add a new project to a group:<br />
・Select a group and then click on "New project" on the right side of your screen. Then you can create a project。<br />
・When you are creating a project, click on "create a group" on the bottom right side of your screen<br />
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How to create a branch<br />
A branch is an independent line of development.<br />
New commits are recorded in the history for the current branch, which results in taking the source from someone's repository (the place where the history of your work is stored) at certain point in time, and apply your own changes to it in the history of the project.<br />
To add changes to your GitLab project, you should create a branch. You can do it in your shell or in GitLab.<br />
To create a new branch in GitLab, sign in and then select a project on the right side of your screen:<br />
Click on "commits" on the menu on the left side of your screen:<br />
Click on the "branches" tab:<br />
Click on the "new branch" button on the right side of the screen:<br />
Fill out the information required:<br />
1. Add a name for your new branch (you can't add spaces, so you can use hyphens or underscores)<br />
2. On the "create from" space, add the the name of the branch you want to branch off from<br />
3. Click on the button "create branch"<br />
You will be able to find and select the name of your branch in the white box next to a project's name:<br />
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How to fork a project<br />
A fork is a copy of an original repository that you can put somewhere else or where you can experiment and apply changes that you can later decide if publishing or not, without affecting your original project.<br />
1. Sign in to GitLab.<br />
2. Select a project on the right side of your screen.<br />
3. Click on the "fork" button on the right side of your screen.<br />
4. Click on the user or group to where you'd like to add the forked project.<br />
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How to add a file<br />
You can create a file in your shell or in GitLab.<br />
To create a file in GitLab, sign in to GitLab.<br />
Select a project on the right side of your screen:<br />
It's a good idea to create a branch, but it's not necessary.<br />
Go to the directory where you'd like to add the file and click on the "+" sign next to the name of the project and directory:<br />
Name your file (you can't add spaces, so you can use hyphens or underscores). Don't forget to include the markup language you'd like to use :<br />
Add all the information that you'd like to include in your file:<br />
Add a commit message based on what you just added and then click on "commit changes":<br />
Besides its regular files, every directory needs a README.md or README.html file which works like an index, telling what the directory is about. It's the first document you'll find when you open a directory.<br />
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How to add an image<br />
The following are the steps to add images to your repository in GitLab:<br />
Find the image that you'd like to add.<br />
In your computer files, find the GitLab project to which you'd like to add the image (you'll find it as a regular file). Click on every file until you find exactly where you'd like to add the image. There, paste the image.<br />
Go to your shell, and add the following commands:<br />
<br />
Add this command for every directory that you'd like to open:<br />
cd NAME-OF-FILE-YOU'D-LIKE-TO-OPEN<br />
<br />
Create a new branch:<br />
git checkout -b NAME-OF-BRANCH<br />
<br />
Check if your image was correctly added to the directory:<br />
ls<br />
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You should see the name of the image in the list shown.<br />
Move up the hierarchy through directories:<br />
cd ../<br />
<br />
Check the status and you should see your image's name in red:<br />
git status<br />
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Add your changes:<br />
git add NAME-OF-YOUR-IMAGE<br />
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Check the status and you should see your image's name in green:<br />
git status<br />
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Add the commit:<br />
git commit -m “DESCRIBE COMMIT IN A FEW WORDS”<br />
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Now you can push (send) your changes (in the branch NAME-OF-BRANCH) to GitLab (the git remote named 'origin'):<br />
git push origin NAME-OF-BRANCH<br />
<br />
Your image will be added to your branch in your repository in GitLab. Create a Merge Request to integrate your changes to your project.<br />
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How to create a merge request<br />
Merge Requests are useful to integrate separate changes that you've made to a project, on different branches.<br />
To create a new Merge Request, sign in to GitLab.<br />
Go to the project where you'd like to merge your changes:<br />
Click on "Merge Requests" on the left side of your screen:<br />
Click on "+ new Merge Request" on the right side of the screen:<br />
Select a source branch or branch:<br />
Click on the "compare branches" button:<br />
Compare branches<br />
Add a title and a description to your Merge Request:<br />
Select a user to review your Merge Request and to accept or close it. You may also select milestones and labels (they are optional). Then click on the "submit new Merge Request" button:<br />
Your Merge Request will be ready to be approved and published.<br />
After you created a new branch, you'll immediately find a "create a Merge Request" button at the top of your screen. You may automatically create a Merge Request from your recently created branch when clicking on this button:<br />
----<br />
Permissions<br />
Users have different abilities depending on the access level they have in a particular group or project.<br />
If a user is both in a project group and in the project itself, the highest permission level is used.<br />
If a user is a GitLab administrator they receive all permissions.<br />
<br />
Project<br />
・Guest<br />
・Reporter<br />
・Developer<br />
・Master<br />
・Owner<br />
<br />
Group<br />
In order for a group to appear as public and be browsable, it must contain at least one public project.<br />
Any user can remove themselves from a group, unless they are the last Owner of the group.<br />
----<br />
Settings in the Profile > Preferences page allow the user to customize various aspects of the site to their liking.<br />
<br />
Application theme<br />
Changing this setting allows the user to customize the color scheme used for the navigation bar on the left side of the screen.<br />
The default is Charcoal.<br />
<br />
Syntax highlighting theme<br />
Changing this setting allows the user to customize the theme used when viewing syntax highlighted code on the site.<br />
The default is White.<br />
<br />
Behavior<br />
Default Dashboard<br />
For users who have access to a large number of projects but only keep up with a select few, the amount of activity on the default Dashboard page can be overwhelming.<br />
Changing this setting allows the user to redefine what their default dashboard will be. Setting it to Starred Projects will make that Dashboard view the default when signing in or clicking the application logo in the upper left.<br />
The default is Your Projects.<br />
<br />
Default Project view<br />
It allows user to choose what content he or she want to see on project page.<br />
The default is Readme.<br />
----<br />
Public access<br />
GitLab allows you to open selected projects to be accessed publicly or internally.<br />
Projects with either of these visibility levels will be listed in the public access directory.<br />
Internal projects will only be available to authenticated users.<br />
<br />
Public projects<br />
Public projects can be cloned without any authentication.<br />
It will also be listed on the public access directory.<br />
Any logged-in user will have Guest permissions on the repository.<br />
<br />
Internal projects<br />
Internal projects can be cloned by any logged in user.<br />
It will also be listed on the public access directory for logged in users.<br />
Any logged-in user will have Guest permissions on the repository.<br />
<br />
How to change project visibility<br />
Go to your project dashboard<br />
Click on the "Edit" tab<br />
Change "Visibility Level"<br />
<br />
Visibility of users<br />
The public page of users, located at /u/username is visible if either:<br />
You are logged in.<br />
You are logged out, and the target user is authorized to (is Guest, Reporter, etc.) at least one public project.<br />
<br />
Otherwise, you will be redirected to the sign in page.<br />
When visiting the public page of an user, you will only see listed projects which you can view yourself.<br />
<br />
Restricting the use of public or internal projects<br />
In the Admin area under Settings you can disable public projects or public and internal projects for the entire GitLab installation to prevent people making code public by accident. The restricted visibility settings do not apply to admin users.<br />
Version control is a system that records changes to a file or set of files over time so that you can recall specific versions later. ----<br />
VCS: Version Control System <br />
----<br />
One of the more popular VCS tools was a system called RCS, which is still distributed with many computers today. Even the popular Mac OS X operating system includes the rcs command when you install the Developer Tools.<br />
----<br />
CVCS: Centralized Version Control Systems<br />
a single server contains all the versioned files, and a number of clients that check out files from that central place.<br />
----<br />
DVCS: Distributed Version Control Systems<br />
clients fully mirror the repository.<br />
----<br />
2005 Git<br />
Linux<br />
----<br />
Git thinks of its data like a set of snapshots of a miniature filesystem. Every time you commit, or save the state of your project in Git, it takes a picture of what all your files look like at that moment and stores a reference to that snapshot.<br />
If files have not changed, Git doesn't store the file again, just a link to the previous identical file it has already stored.<br />
Git thinks about its data like a stream of snapshots.<br />
---<br />
Most operations in Git only need local files and resources to operate – generally no information is needed from another computer on your network.<br />
----<br />
Everything in Git is check-summed before it is stored and is then referred to by that checksum.<br />
This means it's impossible to change the contents of any file or directory without Git knowing about it.<br />
----<br />
The mechanism that Git uses for this checksumming is called a SHA-1 hash. This is a 40-character string composed of hexadecimal characters (0–9 and a–f) and calculated based on the contents of a file or directory structure in Git. A SHA-1 hash looks something like this:<br />
24b9da6552252987aa493b52f8696cd6d3b00373<br />
----<br />
When you do actions in Git, nearly all of them only add data to the Git database. It is hard to get the system to do anything that is not undoable or to make it erase data in any way.<br />
----<br />
Three main states that files can reside in: Committed: data is stored in your local database. <br />
Modified: file changed but not committed to database yet. <br />
Staged: a modified file in its current version marked to go into your next commit snapshot.<br />
----<br />
The three main sections of a Git project: <br />
Git directory<br />
Working directory<br />
staging area<br />
----<br />
Git directory: the metadata and object database for your project. <br />
Working directory: is a single checkout of one version of the project.<br />
Staging area: a file, contained in your Git directory, that stores information about what will go into your next commit.<br />
----<br />
Git workflow:<br />
1. modify files in your working directory.<br />
2. stage the files, adding snapshots of them to your staging area.<br />
3. do a commit, which takes the files as they are in the staging area and stores that snapshot permanently to your Git directory.<br />
----<br />
configuration variables: control all aspects of how Git looks and operates. These variables can be stored in three different places:<br />
/etc/gitconfig file: Contains values for every user on the system and all their repositories. If you pass the option --system to git config, it reads and writes from this file specifically.<br />
~/.gitconfig or ~/.config/git/config file: Specific to your user. You can make Git read and write to this file specifically by passing the --global option.<br />
config file in the Git directory (that is, .git/config) of whatever repository you're currently using: Specific to that single repository.<br />
Each level overrides values in the previous level, so values in .git/config trump those in /etc/gitconfig.<br />
----<br />
On Windows systems, Git looks for the .gitconfig file in the $HOME directory (C:\Users\$USER for most people). <br />
It also still looks for /etc/gitconfig, although it's relative to the MSys root, which is wherever you decide to install Git on your Windows system when you run the installer. <br />
However, if you are using Git for Windows 2.x, it is C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Git\config on Windows XP, and it is C:\ProgramData\Git\config on Windows Vista and newer.<br />
----<br />
To set your user name and email address:<br />
git config --global user.name "John Doe"<br />
git config --global user.email johndoe@example.com<br />
<br />
If you want to override this with a different name or email address for specific projects, you can run the command without the --global option when you're in that project.<br />
----<br />
To check your settings:<br />
git config --list<br />
----<br />
To check a specific key's value:<br />
git config [key]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git config user.name<br />
----<br />
To get the manual page:<br />
git help <verb><br />
git <verb> --help<br />
man git-<verb><br />
<br />
example:<br />
git help config<br />
----<br />
If you're starting to track an existing project in Git, you need to go to the project's directory and type:<br />
git init<br />
<br />
This creates a new subdirectory named .git that contains all of your necessary repository files – a Git repository skeleton.<br />
----<br />
If you want to start version-controlling existing files (as opposed to an empty directory), you should begin tracking those files and do an initial commit.<br />
git add *.c<br />
git add LICENSE<br />
git commit -m 'initial project version'<br />
----<br />
To clone (a copy of an existing Git repository):<br />
git clone [url]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git clone https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2<br />
<br />
That creates a directory named “libgit2”, initializes a .git directory inside it, pulls down all the data for that repository, and checks out a working copy of the latest version.<br />
----<br />
To clone the repository into a different directory: <br />
git clone [url] [directory]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git clone https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2 mylibgit<br />
----<br />
Each file in your working directory can be in one of two states: tracked<br />
untracked<br />
----<br />
Tracked: files that were in the last snapshot; they can be unmodified, modified, or staged. <br />
Untracked: everything else – any files in your working directory that were not in your last snapshot and are not in your staging area. <br />
----<br />
When you first clone a repository, all of your files will be tracked and unmodified because you just checked them out and haven't edited anything.<br />
----<br />
As you edit files, Git sees them as modified, because you've changed them since your last commit. <br />
You stage these modified files and then commit all your staged changes, and the cycle repeats.<br />
---<br />
To determine which files are in which state:<br />
git status<br />
git status -s<br />
git status --short<br />
<br />
New files not tracked have a ??.<br />
New files added to the staging area have an A.<br />
Modified files have an M.<br />
---<br />
To track and stage a file or directory:<br />
git add [file or directory]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git add README<br />
----<br />
If you modify a file after you run "git add", you have to run "git add" again to stage the latest version of the file.<br />
----<br />
To ignore files:<br />
create a file named .gitignore. <br />
example:<br />
<br />
$ cat .gitignore<br />
<br />
# To ignore any files ending in “.o” or “.a”<br />
*.[oa]<br />
<br />
# To ignore all files that end with a tilde (~)<br />
*~<br />
----<br />
The rules for the .gitignore file:<br />
Blank lines or lines starting with # are ignored.<br />
Standard glob patterns work.<br />
You can start patterns with a forward slash (/) to avoid recursivity.<br />
You can end patterns with a forward slash (/) to specify a directory.<br />
You can negate a pattern by starting it with an exclamation point (!).<br />
Glob patterns are simplified regular expressions.<br />
An asterisk (*) matches zero or more characters; <br />
[abc] matches any character inside the brackets (in this case a, b, or c); <br />
a question mark (?) matches a single character; <br />
brackets enclosing characters separated by a hyphen([0-9]) matches any character between them (in this case 0 through 9). You can also use two asterisks to match nested directories; a/**/z would match a/z, a/b/z, a/b/c/z, and so on.<br />
----<br />
Example .gitignore file:<br />
<br />
# no .a files<br />
*.a<br />
<br />
# but do track lib.a, even though you're ignoring .a files above<br />
!lib.a<br />
<br />
# only ignore the TODO file in the current directory, not subdir/TODO<br />
/TODO<br />
<br />
# ignore all files in the build/ directory<br />
build/<br />
<br />
# ignore doc/notes.txt, but not doc/server/arch.txt<br />
doc/*.txt<br />
<br />
# ignore all .pdf files in the doc/ directory<br />
doc/**/*.pdf<br />
----<br />
To show the lines added and removed (only changes that are still unstaged):<br />
git diff<br />
----<br />
To see what you've staged that will go into your next commit:<br />
git diff --staged<br />
<br />
This command compares your staged changes to your last commit.<br />
----<br />
a graphical or external diff viewing program:<br />
git difftool<br />
----<br />
To commit staged files:<br />
git commit<br />
----<br />
To type your commit message inline:<br />
git commit -m "your message"<br />
----<br />
To stage tracked files and commit:<br />
git commit -a -m 'added new benchmarks'<br />
----<br />
To remove a file:<br />
git rm<br />
<br />
It also removes the file from your working directory so you don't see it as an untracked file the next time around.<br />
----<br />
To rename a file:<br />
git mv file_from file_to<br />
----<br />
----<br />
git log<br />
with no arguments, git log lists the commits made in that repository in reverse chronological order<br />
----<br />
git log -p -2<br />
<br />
-p: shows the difference introduced in each commit. <br />
-2: limits the output to only the last two entries<br />
----<br />
to see some abbreviated stats for each commit:<br />
git log --stat<br />
----<br />
git log --pretty=oneline<br />
<br />
--pretty: changes the log output to formats other than the default. <br />
oneline: prints each commit on a single line<br />
----<br />
format: allows you to specify your own log output format.<br />
git log --pretty=format:"%h - %an, %ar : %s"<br />
----<br />
To try the last commit again:<br />
git commit --amend<br />
<br />
This command takes your staging area and uses it for the commit. <br />
----<br />
if you commit and then realize you forgot to stage the changes in a file you wanted to add to this commit:<br />
git commit -m 'initial commit'<br />
git add forgotten_file<br />
git commit --amend<br />
<br />
You end up with a single commit – the second commit replaces the results of the first.<br />
----<br />
To unstage:<br />
git reset HEAD CONTRIBUTING.md<br />
<br />
The CONTRIBUTING.md file is modified but once again unstaged.<br />
----<br />
Unmodifying a Modified File:<br />
git checkout -- [file]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git checkout -- CONTRIBUTING.md<br />
<br />
Any changes you made to that file are gone – you just copied another file over it. Don’t ever use this command unless you absolutely know that you don’t want the file.<br />
----<br />
Remote repositories: versions of your project that are hosted on the Internet or network somewhere.<br />
----<br />
To see which remote servers you have configured:<br />
git remote<br />
----<br />
To show the URLs that Git has stored for the shortname to be used when reading and writing to that remote:<br />
git remote -v<br />
origin https://github.com/schacon/ticgit (fetch)<br />
origin https://github.com/schacon/ticgit (push)<br />
----<br />
To add a new remote Git repository:git remote add [shortname] [url]<br />
----<br />
To fetch all the information in the repository but that you don’t yet have in your repository:<br />
git fetch [remote-name]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git fetch origin<br />
<br />
You should have references to all the branches from that remote, which you can merge in or inspect at any time.<br />
----<br />
If you clone a repository, the command automatically adds that remote repository under the name “origin”. <br />
<br />
git fetch origin<br />
It fetches any new work that has been pushed to that server since you cloned (or last fetched from) it. <br />
<br />
git fetch<br />
It pulls the data to your local repository – it doesn’t merge it with any of your work or modify what you’re currently working on. <br />
You have to merge it manually into your work when you’re ready.<br />
----<br />
git pull<br />
If you have a branch set up to track a remote branch, it fetches and merges a remote branch into your current branch. <br />
<br />
git clone<br />
It automatically sets up your local default branch (usually called "master") to track the remote default branch on the server you cloned from. <br />
<br />
git pull<br />
It fetches data from the server you cloned from and tries to merge it into the current branch.<br />
----<br />
To share, you have to push it upstream:<br />
git push [remote-name] [branch-name]<br />
<br />
To push your master branch to your origin server :<br />
git push origin master<br />
----<br />
To see information about a remote:<br />
git remote show [remote-name]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git remote show origin<br />
----<br />
To rename a reference:<br />
git remote rename [old name] [new name]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git remote rename pb paul<br />
<br />
This changes your remote branch names, too. <br />
What used to be referenced at pb/master is now at paul/master.<br />
----<br />
To remove a remote:<br />
git remote rm [remote]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git remote rm paul<br />
----<br />
Git has the ability to tag specific points in history as being important. Typically people use this functionality to mark release points (v1.0, and so on). <br />
----<br />
To list the tags in alphabetical order:<br />
git tag<br />
----<br />
To list tags starting with 1.8.5:<br />
git tag -l 'v1.8.5*'<br />
----<br />
Two main types of tags: lightweight and annotated.<br />
lightweight: a pointer to a specific commit.<br />
Annotated: full objects in the Git database. They’re checksummed; contain the tagger name, email, and date; have a tagging message; and can be signed and verified with GNU Privacy Guard (GPG). <br />
----<br />
To create an annotated tag:<br />
git tag -a [name] -m '[message]'<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git tag -a v1.4 -m 'my version 1.4'<br />
----<br />
To create a lightweight tag, don’t supply the -a, -s, or -m option:<br />
git tag [name]-lw<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git tag v1.4-lw<br />
----<br />
Branching means you diverge from the main line of development and continue to do work without messing with that main line.<br />
----<br />
To create a new branch:<br />
git branch [name]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git branch testing<br />
----<br />
HEAD: a pointer to the local branch you’re currently on.<br />
----<br />
To show where the branch pointers are pointing:<br />
git log --oneline --decorate<br />
----<br />
To switch to an existing branch:<br />
git checkout [another branch]<br />
<br />
To switch back to the master branch:<br />
git checkout master<br />
<br />
Switching branches changes files in your working directory<br />
----<br />
To print out the history of your commits, showing where your branch pointers are and how your history has diverged:<br />
git log --oneline --decorate --graph --all <br />
----<br />
To create a branch and switch to it at the same time<br />
git checkout -b [new branch]<br />
<br />
example:<br />
git checkout -b iss53<br />
<br />
This is shorthand for:<br />
git branch iss53<br />
git checkout iss53<br />
----<br />
To merge with current branch:<br />
git merge [branch]<br />
----<br />
fast-forward:<br />
When the commit pointed to by the branch you merged in is directly upstream of the commit you’re on, Git moves the pointer forward. <br />
When you try to merge one commit with a commit that can be reached by following the first commit’s history, Git simplifies things by moving the pointer forward because there is no divergent work to merge together.<br />
----<br />
To delete a branch:<br />
git branch -d [branch]<br />
----<br />
merge conflict: <br />
If you changed the same part of the same file differently in the two branches you’re merging together, Git won’t be able to merge them. <br />
----<br />
To use a graphical tool to resolve merge conflict:<br />
git mergetool<br />
----<br />
To list your branches:<br />
git branch<br />
<br />
Notice the * character that prefixes the branch: it indicates the current branch. <br />
----<br />
To see the last commit on each branch:<br />
git branch -v<br />
----<br />
The useful --merged and --no-merged options can filter this list to branches that you have or have not yet merged into the branch you’re currently on. <br />
----<br />
To see the branches merged into the current branch:<br />
git branch --merged<br />
<br />
Branches on this list without the * in front of them can be deleted; <br />
you’ve already incorporated their work into another branch, so you’re not going to lose anything.<br />
----<br />
To see all the branches that contain work you haven’t yet merged in:<br />
git branch --no-merged<br />
----hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-8716526142339229532015-10-21T23:01:00.001+09:002015-10-22T23:20:07.792+09:00UNIX--BEGIN--<br />UNIX<br />----<br />df: Display free disk space<br />du: Estimate file space usage<br />vmstat: Report virtual memory statistics<br />uname: Print system information<br />----<br />EDIT<br />bzip2:Compress or decompress named file(s)<br />gzip: Compress or decompress named file(s)<br /> zip: Package and compress (archive) files.<br />rev: Reverse lines of a file<br />awk: Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index<br /><br /> expand: Convert tabs to spaces<br />unexpand: Convert spaces to tabs<br /><br /> rar: Archive files with compression<br />unrar: Extract files from a rar archive <br /><br />head: Output the first part of file(s)<br />tail: Output the last part of file<br />----<br />ftp: File Transfer Protocol<br />sftp: Secure File Transfer Program<br />----<br />COMMANDS<br />if: Conditionally perform a command<br />continue: Resume the next iteration of a loop •<br />break: Exit from a loop •<br />case: Conditionally perform a command<br />while: Execute commands<br />until: Execute commands (until error)<br />command: Run a command - ignoring shell functions •<br />cron: Daemon to execute scheduled commands<br />crontab: Schedule a command to run at a later time<br />eval: Evaluate several commands/arguments<br />exec: Execute a command<br /><br />read: Read a line from standard input •<br />readarray: Read from stdin into an array variable •<br />local: Create variables •<br />declare: Declare variables and give them attributes •<br />let: Perform arithmetic on shell variables •<br />readonly: Mark variables/functions as readonly<br /><br /> set: Manipulate shell variables and functions<br />unset: Remove variable or function names<br />type: Describe a command •<br />true: Do nothing, successfully<br />----<br />USER<br />whoami: Print the current user id and name (`id -un')<br />users: List users currently logged in<br />who: Print all usernames currently logged in<br />passwd: Modify a user password<br />su: Substitute user identity<br />sudo: Execute a command as another user<br />useradd: Create new user account<br />userdel: Delete a user account<br />usermod: Modify user account<br />write: Send a message to another user<br />----<br />GROUP<br />groupdel: Delete a group<br />groupmod: Modify a group<br />chgrp: Change group ownership<br />chown: Change file owner and group<br />groupadd: Add a user security group<br />groups: Print group names a user is in<br />id: Print user and group id's<br />----<br />more: Display output one screen at a time<br />less: Display output one screen at a time<br />clear: Clear terminal screen<br />echo: Display message on screen •<br />----<br />NETWORK<br />ping: Test a network connection<br />netstat: Networking information<br />mtr: Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)<br />ifconfig: Configure a network interface<br />ifup: Start a network interface up<br />ifdown: Stop a network interface <br />----<br />PRINTER<br />lpc: Line printer control program<br />lpr: Off line print<br />lprint: Print a file<br />lprintq: List the print queue<br />printcap: Printer capability database<br />pr: Prepare files for printing<br />----<br />PROCESS<br />top: List processes running on the system<br />ps: Process status<br />kill: Kill a process by specifying its PID<br />killall: Kill processes by name<br />fuser: Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file<br />htop: Interactive process viewer<br />pkill: Kill processes by a full or partial name.<br />wait: Wait for a process to complete •<br />----<br />mount: Mount a file system<br />umount: Unmount a device<br />----<br />FILES<br />stat: Display file or file system status <br />file: Determine file type<br />ls: List information about file(s)<br />lsof: List open files<br />cat: Concatenate and print (display) the content of files<br /><br />cp: Copy one or more files to another location<br />rename: Rename files<br />rm: Remove files<br /><br />sort: Sort text files<br />sum: Print a checksum for a file<br /><br />cmp: Compare two files<br />comm: Compare two sorted files line by line<br /><br />chmod: Change access permissions<br />dd: Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records<br /><br />locate: Find files<br />slocate: Find files<br />find: Search for files that meet a desired criteria<br />grep: Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern<br />fgrep: Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string<br />egrep: Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression<br />----<br />basename: Strip directory and suffix from filenames<br /><br />split: Split a file into fixed-size pieces<br />csplit: Split a file into context-determined pieces<br />cut: Divide a file into several parts<br /><br />diff: Display the differences between two files<br />diff3: Show differences among three files<br />----<br />JOB<br />fg: Send job to foreground <br />bg: Send to background<br />jobs: List active jobs •<br />lprintd: Abort a print job<br />lprm: Remove jobs from the print queue<br />nice: Set the priority of a command or job<br />renice: Alter priority of running processes <br />----<br />ENVIRONMENT<br />printenv: Print environment variables<br />export: Set an environment variable<br />env: Environment variables<br />----<br />DIRECTORY<br />pwd: Print Working Directory<br />cd: Change Directory<br />mkdir: Create new directory<br />rmdir: Remove directory<br />mv: Move or rename files or directories<br />dir: Briefly list directory contents<br />vdir: Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')<br />v: Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')<br />----<br />exit: Exit the shell<br />logout: Exit a login shell •<br />return: Exit a shell function<br />suspend: Suspend execution of this shell •<br />shutdown: Shutdown or restart linux<br />reboot: Reboot the system<br />----<br />hostname: Print or set system name<br />logname: Print current login name<br />---<br />history: Command History<br />man: Help manual<br />help: Display help for a built-in command •<br />apropos: Search Help manual pages (man -k)<br />----<br />TOOLS<br />cal: Display a calendar<br />date: Display or change the date & time<br />dc: Desk Calculator<br />aspell: Spell Checker<br />bc: Arbitrary precision calculator language <br />ddrescue: Data recovery tool<br />vi: Text Editor<br />----<br />alias: Create an alias •<br />unalias: Remove an alias •<br />----<br />apt-get: Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)<br />aptitude: Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)<br /><br />bash: GNU Bourne-Again SHell <br />builtin: Run a shell builtin<br /><br />cfdisk: Partition table manipulator for Linux<br /><br />chroot: Run a command with a different root directory<br />chkconfig: System services (runlevel)<br />cksum: Print CRC checksum and byte counts<br />----<br />dig: DNS lookup<br />dircolors: Colour setup for `ls'<br />dirname: Convert a full pathname to just a path<br />dirs: Display list of remembered directories<br />dmesg: Print kernel & driver messages <br />eject: Eject removable media<br />enable: Enable and disable builtin shell commands •<br /><br />ethtool: Ethernet card settings<br /><br />expect: Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal<br /><br />expr: Evaluate expressions<br />false: Do nothing, unsuccessfully<br />fdformat: Low-level format a floppy disk<br />fdisk: Partition table manipulator for Linux<br />fmt: Reformat paragraph text<br />fold: Wrap text to fit a specified width.<br />for: Expand words, and execute commands<br />format: Format disks or tapes<br />free: Display memory usage<br />fsck: File system consistency check and repair<br /><br />function: Define Function Macros<br /><br />gawk: Find and Replace text within file(s)<br />getopts: Parse positional parameters<br />hash: Remember the full pathname of a name argument<br /><br />iconv: Convert the character set of a file<br />----<br />import: Capture an X server screen and save the image to file<br />install: Copy files and set attributes<br />ip: Routing, devices and tunnels<br /><br />join: Join lines on a common field<br /><br />link: Create a link to a file <br />ln: Create a symbolic link to a file<br />look: Display lines beginning with a given string<br /><br />make: Recompile a group of programs<br />mkfifo: Make FIFOs (named pipes)<br />mkisofs: Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem<br />mknod: Make block or character special files<br />most: Browse or page through a text file<br /><br />mtools: Manipulate MS-DOS files<br />mmv: Mass Move and rename (files)<br /><br />nl: Number lines and write files<br />nohup: Run a command immune to hangups<br />notify-send: Send desktop notifications<br />nslookup: Query Internet name servers interactively<br />open: Open a file in its default application<br />op: Operator access <br />paste: Merge lines of files<br />pathchk: Check file name portability<br />----<br />popd: Restore the previous value of the current directory<br />pushd: Save and then change the current directory<br />----<br />printf: Format and print data •<br /><br />pv: Monitor the progress of data through a pipe <br />----<br />quota: Display disk usage and limits<br />quotacheck: Scan a file system for disk usage<br />quotactl: Set disk quotas<br />----<br />ram: ram disk device<br />rcp: Copy files between two machines<br /><br />remsync: Synchronize remote files via email<br />rsync: Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)<br />screen: Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh<br />scp: Secure copy (remote file copy)<br />sdiff: Merge two files interactively<br />sed: Stream Editor<br />select: Accept keyboard input<br />seq: Print numeric sequences<br />shift: Shift positional parameters<br />shopt: Shell Options<br />sleep: Delay for a specified time<br />source: Run commands from a file '.'<br />ssh: Secure Shell client (remote login program)<br />strace: Trace system calls and signals<br /><br />sync: Synchronize data on disk with memory<br />tar: Store, list or extract files in an archive<br />tee: Redirect output to multiple files<br />test: Evaluate a conditional expression<br />time: Measure Program running time<br />timeout: Run a command with a time limit<br />times: User and system times<br />touch: Change file timestamps<br /><br />tput: Set terminal-dependent capabilities, color, position<br />traceroute: Trace Route to Host<br />trap: Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)<br />tr: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters<br />tsort: Topological sort<br />tty: Print filename of terminal on stdin<br />ulimit: Limit user resources •<br />umask: Users file creation mask<br /><br />uniq: Uniquify files<br />units: Convert units from one scale to another<br /><br />unshar: Unpack shell archive scripts<br />uptime: Show uptime<br />----<br />uuencode: Encode a binary file <br />uudecode: Decode a file created by uuencode<br />----<br />watch: Execute/display a program periodically<br />wc: Print byte, word, and line counts<br />whereis: Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a <br /><br />program<br />which: Search the user's $path for a program file<br /><br />wget: Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP<br /><br />xargs: Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)<br />xdg-open: Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.<br />yes: Print a string until interrupted<br />.: Run a command script in the current shell<br />!!: Run the last command again<br />###: Comment / Remark<br /><br />Commands marked • are bash built-ins<br />----<br />CLI: command line interfaces.<br />bash:Bourne Again SHell<br />----<br />superuser:the last character of your shell prompt is #<br />superuser has administrative privileges.<br />----<br />To copy and paste with the mouse:<br />1. select text<br />2. press the middle mouse button<br />---<br />pwd (print working directory)<br />cd (change directory)<br />ls (list files and directories)<br />----<br />On most systems, your home directory is:/home/your_user_name<br />----<br />The "." notation refers to the working directory itself<br />The ".." notation refers to the working directory's parent <br /><br />directory.<br />----<br />Change to the parent directory:<br />cd ..<br />----<br />Change to the a directory called "bin" under the current <br /><br />directory:<br />cd bin<br />----<br />change to your home directory:<br />cd<br />----<br />change to the home directory of the specified user:<br />cd ~user_name<br />----<br />changes to the previous directory:<br />cd -<br />----<br />File names that begin with a period character are hidden.<br />ls will not list them unless you say ls -a.<br />----<br />File names are case sensitive.<br />----<br />Though Linux supports long file names which may contain embedded <br /><br />spaces and punctuation characters, limit the punctuation <br /><br />characters to period, dash, and underscore. Most importantly, do <br /><br />not embed spaces in file names. If you want to represent spaces <br /><br />between words in a file name, use underscore characters.<br />----<br />ls (list files and directories)<br />less (view text files)<br />file (classify a file's contents)<br />----<br />List the files in the /bin directory:<br />ls /bin<br />---<br />List the files in the working directory in long format<br />ls -l<br />----<br />List the files in the /bin and /etc directory in long format:<br />ls -l /etc /bin <br />----<br />List all files (even hidden) in the parent directory in long <br /><br />format:<br /><br />ls -la .. <br />----<br />Group:The name of the group that has file permissions in addition <br /><br />to the file's owner.<br />Owner:The name of the user who owns the file.<br />File Permissions: A representation of the file's access <br /><br />permissions.<br />"-" :regular file<br />"d" :directory<br />The second set of three characters represent the read, write, and <br /><br />execution rights of the file's owner. <br />The next three represent the rights of the file's group.<br />The final three represent the rights granted to everybody else. <br />----<br />less [text_file]<br />to view text files one page at a time.<br /><br />Page Up or b: Scroll back one page<br />Page Down or space: Scroll forward one page<br />q: to exit<br />G: Go to the end of the text file<br />1G:Go to the beginning of the text file<br />/characters: Search forward in the text file for an occurrence of <br /><br />the specified characters<br />n: Repeat the previous search<br />h: Display a complete list less commands and options<br />----<br />file [name_of_file]<br />to determine what kind of data a file contains<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-52345799312996780922015-09-07T23:24:00.001+09:002016-10-13T19:11:29.166+09:00What is the difference between が and は?What is the difference between が and は?<br />
<br />
This question gets asked again and again, and what is worse, nobody seems to be able to come up with a simple, good answer.<br />
<br />
これは本だ。(kore wa hon da) This is a book.<br />
これが本だ。(kore ga hon da) This one is the book.<br />
<br />
は is used to make a flat statement, without emphasis.<br />
が is used to put emphasis in the preceding word.<br />
<br />
それは何ですか? (sore wa nan desu ka) What is that?<br />
これは本だ。(kore wa hon da) This is a book.<br />
<br />
どれが本ですか?(dore ga hon desu ka)? Which one is the book?<br />
これが本だ。(kore ga hon da) This one is the book.<br />
<br />
They are not interchangeable, they have different meanings.<br />
は and が often indicate the subject of the sentence, but not always.<br />
That is probably the source of all confusion.<br />
Maybe it is better to think that they have nothing to do with the subject.<br />
<br />
は usually indicates the topic of the sentence.<br />
The topic of the sentence is what the sentence is talking about, which is not necessarily the subject.<br />
Let's see an example:<br />
<br />
コーヒーは毎日飲んでいます。kōhī wa mainichi nonde imasu.<br />
Speaking of coffee, I drink it every day.<br />
<br />
When I say "コーヒーは", it means that I am going to talk about coffee.<br />
As long as I don't change the topic, all subsequent sentences will all be about coffee. But coffee may not necessarily be the subject of the sentence.<br />
<br />
Speaking of coffee,<br />
I drink it every day<br />
I love it,<br />
I think it is delicious.<br />
<br />
コーヒーは (kōhī wa)<br />
毎日飲んでいますし、 (mainichi nonde imasu shi)<br />
大好きだし、 (dai suki da shi)<br />
とても美味しいと思います。 (totemo oshii to omoimasu)<br />
<br />
Coffee is not the subject of the sentence. But all sentences after コーヒーは talk about coffee. Coffee is the topic of the sentences.<br />
The subject is the pronoun "I" which can be omitted because it is obvious who the subject is.<br />
<br />
Another example:<br />
<br />
Speaking of Mr. Tanaka,<br />
his house is tiny <br />
but his dog is enormous.<br />
<br />
田中さんは (Tanaka san wa)<br />
家がとても小さいけど、 (uchi ga totemo chiisai kedo)<br />
犬が凄く大きい。 (inu ga sugoku ookii)<br />
<br />
Mr. Tanaka is neither the subject nor object of the sentences. But we are talking about his house and his dog, so he is the topic of the sentences.<br />
The particle は has nothing to do with the subject or object of the sentence.<br />
<br />
Both sentences below are acceptable:<br />
田中さんの犬が大きい。(Tanaka san no inu ga ookii) Mr. Tanaka's dog is big.<br />
田中さんは犬が大きい。 (Tanaka san wa inu ga ookii) Speaking of Mr. Tanaka, his dog is big.hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-83104803691968711462014-11-25T23:25:00.002+09:002014-11-25T23:25:13.334+09:00TomcatApache Tomcat Servlet/JSP container.<br /><br />Apache Tomcat version 7.0 implements the Servlet 3.0 and JavaServer Pages 2.2<br />-------<br />$CATALINA_HOME: root of your Tomcat installation.<br />Optionally, Tomcat may be configured for multiple instances by defining $CATALINA_BASE for each instance. If multiple instances are not configured, $CATALINA_BASE is the same as $CATALINA_HOME.<br />---------<br />These are some of the key tomcat directories:<br />/bin - Startup, shutdown, and other scripts. The *.sh files (for Unix systems) are functional duplicates of the *.bat files (for Windows systems). <br />/conf - Configuration files and related DTDs. The most important file in here is server.xml. It is the main configuration file for the container.<br />/logs - Log files are here by default.<br />/webapps - This is where your webapps go.<br />----------<br />All of the information in the configuration files is read at startup, meaning that any change to the files necessitates a restart of the container. <br />--------<br />Installing Tomcat on Windows can be done using the Windows installer.<br />Installation as a service:Tomcat is automatically started when Windows starts. For optimal security, the service should be run as a separate user, with reduced permissions.<br />-----<br />Tomcat 7.0 was designed to run on Java SE 6. <br />---------<br />set an environment variable CATALINA_HOME that contains the pathname to the directory in which Tomcat has been installed. Optionally, if Tomcat has been configured for multiple instances, each instance will have its own CATALINA_BASE configured.<br />---------<br />WAR: Web Application Archive<br />A web application is defined as a hierarchy of directories and files in a standard layout. Such a hierarchy can be accessed in its "unpacked" form, where each directory and file exists in the filesystem separately, or in a "packed" form known as a Web ARchive, or WAR file. <br />---------<br />The top-level directory of your web application hierarchy is also the document root of your application. Here, you will place the HTML files and JSP pages that comprise your application's user interface. When the system administrator deploys your application into a particular server, he or she assigns a context path to your application. Thus, if the system administrator assigns your application to the context path <br />/catalog<br />, then a request URI referring to <br />/catalog/index.html<br /> will retrieve the index.html file from your document root.<br />-------<br />document root directory:<br /> *.html, *.jsp, etc. - The HTML and JSP pages, along with other files that must be visible to the client browser (such as JavaScript, stylesheet files, and images) for your application. In larger applications you may choose to divide these files into a subdirectory hierarchy, but for smaller apps, it is generally much simpler to maintain only a single directory for these files.<br /> /WEB-INF/web.xml - The Web Application Deployment Descriptor for your application. This is an XML file describing the servlets and other components that make up your application, along with any initialization parameters and container-managed security constraints that you want the server to enforce for you. <br /> /WEB-INF/classes/ - This directory contains any Java class files (and associated resources) required for your application, including both servlet and non-servlet classes, that are not combined into JAR files. If your classes are organized into Java packages, you must reflect this in the directory hierarchy under /WEB-INF/classes/. For example, a Java class named com.mycompany.mypackage.MyServlet would need to be stored in a file named /WEB-INF/classes/com/mycompany/mypackage/MyServlet.class.<br /> /WEB-INF/lib/ - This directory contains JAR files that contain Java class files (and associated resources) required for your application, such as third party class libraries or JDBC drivers.<br />-----------<br />When you install an application into Tomcat, the classes in the WEB-INF/classes/ directory, as well as all classes in JAR files found in the WEB-INF/lib/ directory, are made visible to other classes within your particular web application. <br />----------<br />/WEB-INF/web.xml file contains the Web Application Deployment Descriptor for your application. It defines everything about your application that a server needs to know (except the context path, which is assigned by the system administrator when the application is deployed).<br />-----------<br />DTD: Document Type Descriptor<br />---------<br />META-INF/context.xml file can be used to define Tomcat specific configuration options, such as an access log, data sources, session manager configuration and more. <br />-------------<br />In order to be executed, a web application must be deployed on a servlet container.<br />----------<br />A web application can be deployed in Tomcat by one of the following approaches:<br />・Copy unpacked directory hierarchy into a subdirectory in directory $CATALINA_BASE/webapps/. Tomcat will assign a context path to your application based on the subdirectory name you choose. <br />・Copy the web application archive file into directory $CATALINA_BASE/webapps/. When Tomcat is started, it will automatically expand the web application archive file into its unpacked form, and execute the application that way.<br />・Use the Tomcat "Manager" web application to deploy and undeploy web applications. Tomcat includes a web application, deployed by default on context path /manager, that allows you to deploy and undeploy applications on a running Tomcat server without restarting it. <br />・Use "Manager" Ant Tasks In Your Build Script. Tomcat includes a set of custom task definitions for the Ant build tool that allow you to automate the execution of commands to the "Manager" web application. <br />・Use the Tomcat Deployer. Tomcat includes a packaged tool bundling the Ant tasks, and can be used to automatically precompile JSPs which are part of the web application before deployment to the server. <br />--------<br />source code files<br /><br />All of these components exist under a top level project source directory for your application:<br /> docs/ - Documentation for your application, in whatever format your development team is using.<br /> src/ - Java source files that generate the servlets, beans, and other Java classes that are unique to your application. If your source code is organized in packages (highly recommended), the package hierarchy should be reflected as a directory structure underneath this directory.<br /> web/ - The static content of your web site (HTML pages, JSP pages, JavaScript files, CSS stylesheet files, and images) that will be accessible to application clients. This directory will be the document root of your web application, and any subdirectory structure found here will be reflected in the request URIs required to access those files.<br /> web/WEB-INF/ - The special configuration files required for your application, including the web application deployment descriptor (web.xml, defined in the Servlet Specification), tag library descriptors for custom tag libraries you have created, and other resource files you wish to include within your web application. Even though this directory appears to be a subdirectory of your document root, the Servlet Specification prohibits serving the contents of this directory (or any file it contains) directly to a client request. Therefore, this is a good place to store configuration information that is sensitive (such as database connection usernames and passwords), but is required for your application to operate successfully.<br />-----------<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-30993224668853646902014-11-25T22:40:00.000+09:002014-11-25T22:40:07.553+09:00Apache HTTP ServerApache HTTP Server<br /><br />Apache is configured by the files in the conf subdirectory. <br />ThreadsPerChild: It tells the server how many threads it should use. This is the maximum number of connections the server can handle at once, so be sure to set this number high enough for your site if you get a lot of hits. The recommended default is ThreadsPerChild 150.<br />You can review the Windows Application Event Log by using the Event Viewer, e.g. Start - Settings - Control Panel - Administrative Tools - Event Viewer.<br />-------<br />install Apache as a Windows NT service from the command prompt at the Apache bin subdirectory:<br />httpd.exe -k install<br />--------<br />Removing an Apache service<br />httpd.exe -k uninstall <br />---------<br />If Apache is running as a service, stop it by opening another console window and entering:<br />httpd.exe -k shutdown <br />------<br />To run Apache from the command line as a console application:<br />httpd.exe <br />Press control-C to stop<br />---------<br />Running as a service should be preferred over running in a console window because this lets Apache end any current operations and clean up gracefully.<br />-------<br />to restart. It forces it to reread the configuration file. Any operations in progress are allowed to complete without interruption. Press Control-Break in the console window you used for starting Apache, or if the server is running as a service, enter:<br />httpd.exe -k restart<br />--------<br />specifies an absolute path to a particular configuration file:<br />httpd.exe -f "c:\my server files\anotherconfig.conf"<br /><br />specifies a relative path to a particular configuration file:<br />httpd.exe -f files\anotherconfig.conf<br />-----------<br />If you don't specify a configuration file with -f or -n, Apache will use the file name compiled into the server, such as conf\httpd.conf. This built-in path is relative to the installation directory. <br />----------<br />After starting Apache (either in a console window or as a service) it will be listening on port 80.<br />-----<br />To connect to the server and access the default page, launch a browser and enter this URL:<br />http://localhost/ <br />You may have to use this URL:<br />http://127.0.0.1/ <br />If you happen to be running Apache on an alternate port, you need to explicitly put that in the URL:<br />http://127.0.0.1:8080/ <br />-------<br />Addresses on the Web are expressed with URLs - Uniform Resource Locators - which specify a protocol (e.g. http), a servername (e.g. www.apache.org), a URL-path (e.g. /docs/current/getting-started.html), and possibly a query string (e.g. ?arg=value) used to pass additional arguments to the server. <br />A client (e.g., a web browser) connects to a server (e.g., your Apache HTTP Server), with the specified protocol, and makes a request for a resource using the URL-path.<br />---------<br />In order to connect to a server, the client will first have to resolve the servername to an IP address - the location on the Internet where the server resides. Thus, in order for your web server to be reachable, it is necessary that the servername be in DNS.<br />More than one hostname may point to the same IP address, and more than one IP address can be attached to the same physical server. Thus, you can run more than one web site on the same physical server, using a feature called virtual hosts.<br />-------<br />The default configuration file is usually called httpd.conf. <br />The configuration is frequently broken into multiple smaller files, for ease of management. These files are loaded via the Include directive.<br />The server is configured by placing configuration directives in these configuration files. A directive is a keyword followed by one or more arguments that set its value.<br />--------<br />Static content is things like HTML files, image files, CSS files, and other files that reside in the filesystem. The DocumentRoot directive specifies where in your filesystem you should place these files. <br />----------<br />Typically, a document called index.html will be served when a directory is requested without a file name being specified. <br />---------<br />The location of the error log is defined by the ErrorLog directive, which may be set globally, or per virtual host. <br />----------<br />When httpd starts, it binds to some port and address on the local machine and waits for incoming requests. By default, it listens to all addresses on the machine. <br />--------<br />The Listen directive tells the server to accept incoming requests only on the specified port(s) or address-and-port combinations. <br />For example, to make the server accept connections on both port 80 and port 8000, on all interfaces, use:<br />Listen 80<br />Listen 8000<br />-------<br />https is the default for port 443 and http the default for all other ports. <br />-----<br />You only need to set the protocol if you are running on non-standard ports. For example, running an https site on port 8443:<br />Listen 192.170.2.1:8443 https<br />-------<br />httpd configuration files contain one directive per line. The backslash "\" may be used as the last character on a line to indicate that the directive continues onto the next line. There must be no other characters or white space between the backslash and the end of the line.<br />Arguments to directives are separated by whitespace. If an argument contains spaces, you must enclose that argument in quotes.<br />Directives in the configuration files are case-insensitive, but arguments to directives are often case sensitive. Lines that begin with the hash character "#" are considered comments, and are ignored. Comments may not be included on a line after a configuration directive. Blank lines and white space occurring before a directive are ignored, so you may indent directives for clarity.<br />--------<br />Only shell environment variables defined before the server is started can be used in expansions. <br />-------<br />You can check your configuration files for syntax errors without starting the server by using <br />apachectl configtest <br />or the -t command line option.<br />--------<br />To see which modules are currently compiled into the server, you can use the -l command line option. You can also see what modules are loaded dynamically using the -M command line option.<br />--------<br />Directives placed in the main configuration files apply to the entire server. If you wish to change the configuration for only a part of the server, you can scope your directives by placing them in <Directory>, <DirectoryMatch>, <Files>, <FilesMatch>, <Location>, and <LocationMatch> sections. These sections limit the application of the directives which they enclose to particular filesystem locations or URLs. They can also be nested, allowing for very fine grained configuration.<br />----------<br />httpd has the capability to serve many different websites simultaneously. This is called Virtual Hosting. Directives can also be scoped by placing them inside <VirtualHost> sections, so that they will only apply to requests for a particular website.<br />--------<br />httpd allows for decentralized management of configuration via special files placed inside the web tree. The special files are usually called .htaccess, but any name can be specified in the AccessFileName directive. Directives placed in .htaccess files apply to the directory where you place the file, and all sub-directories. The .htaccess files follow the same syntax as the main configuration files. Since .htaccess files are read on every request, changes made in these files take immediate effect.<br />----------<br />In deciding what file to serve for a given request, httpd's default behavior is to take the URL-Path for the request (the part of the URL following the hostname and port) and add it to the end of the DocumentRoot specified in your configuration files. Therefore, the files and directories underneath the DocumentRoot make up the basic document tree which will be visible from the web.<br />For example, if DocumentRoot were set to <br />/var/www/html<br /> then a request for <br />http://www.example.com/fish/guppies.html <br />would result in the file <br />/var/www/html/fish/guppies.html<br />being served to the requesting client.<br /><br />If a directory is requested (i.e. a path ending with /), the file served from that directory is defined by the DirectoryIndex directive. For example, if DocumentRoot were set as above, and you were to set:<br />DirectoryIndex index.html index.php<br />Then a request for http://www.example.com/fish/ will cause httpd to attempt to serve the file /var/www/html/fish/index.html. In the event that that file does not exist, it will next attempt to serve the file /var/www/html/fish/index.php.<br />--------<br />There are frequently circumstances where it is necessary to allow web access to parts of the filesystem that are not strictly underneath the DocumentRoot. <br />the Alias directive will map any part of the filesystem into the web space. For example, with<br />Alias /docs /var/web<br />the URL http://www.example.com/docs/dir/file.html will be served from /var/web/dir/file.html. The ScriptAlias directive works the same way, with the additional effect that all content located at the target path is treated as CGI scripts.<br />---------<br />Sometimes, it is desirable instead to inform the client that the requested content is located at a different URL, and instruct the client to make a new request with the new URL. This is called redirection and is implemented by the Redirect directive. For example, if the contents of the directory /foo/ under the DocumentRoot are moved to the new directory /bar/, you can instruct clients to request the content at the new location as follows:<br />Redirect permanent /foo/ http://www.example.com/bar/<br />This will redirect any URL-Path starting in /foo/ to the same URL path on the www.example.com server with /bar/ substituted for /foo/. You can redirect clients to any server, not only the origin server.<br />----------<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-43722695598591017792014-11-24T22:30:00.004+09:002014-11-24T22:30:39.792+09:00MySQLMySQL<br />RDBMS: relational database management system<br />SQL: Structured Query Language<br />LAMP: Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python<br />MySQL Workbench: free integrated environment developed by MySQL AB, that enables users to graphically administer MySQL databases and visually design database structures. <br />---------<br />ODBC: Open Database Connectivity<br />user account<br />privilege<br />----------<br />foreign key references<br />--------<br />trigger<br />---------<br />Ensuring high availability requires a certain amount of redundancy in the system. For database systems, the redundancy traditionally takes the form of having a primary server acting as a master, and using replication to keep secondaries available to take over in case the primary fails. This means that the "server" that the application connects to is in reality a collection of servers, not a single server. In a similar manner, if the application is using a sharded database, it is in reality working with a collection of servers, not a single server. In this case, a collection of servers is usually referred to as a farm.<br />---------<br />shell> mysql db_name<br />shell> mysql --user=user_name --password=your_password db_name<br />shell> mysql db_name < script.sql > output.tab<br /><br />--column-names Write column names in results<br />--tee=file_name Append a copy of output to named file<br />--help, -?<br />--auto-vertical-output: Cause result sets to be displayed vertically if they are too wide for the current window, and using normal<br />tabular format otherwise. (This applies to statements terminated by ; or \G.)<br />--default-character-set=charset_name: Use charset_name as the default character set for the client and connection. A common issue that can occur when the operating system uses utf8 or another multibyte character set is that output from the mysql client is formatted incorrectly, due to the fact that the MySQL client uses the latin1 character set by default. You can usually fix such issues by using this option to force the client to use the system character set instead.<br />quit <br />exit: Exit mysql. Same as quit.<br />help: Display this help.<br />tee: Set outfile [to_outfile]. Append everything into given outfile.<br />use: Use another database. Takes database name as argument.<br />---------<br />The prompt command reconfigures the default mysql> prompt. The string for defining the prompt can<br />contain the following special sequences.<br />\d The default database<br />\h The server host<br />\p The current TCP/IP port or socket file<br />\U Your full user_name@host_name account name<br />\u Your user name<br />\v The server version<br />-------<br />SELECT 'Today is' , CURDATE();<br />--------<br />mysqladmin<br /><br /> create db_name<br /> debug: Tell the server to write debug information to the error log.<br /> drop db_name<br /> extended-status: Display the server status variables and their values.<br /> flush-privileges: Reload the grant tables <br /> password new-password<br /> ping: Check whether the server is available. The return status from mysqladmin is 0 if the server is running, 1 if it is not. This is 0 even in case of an error such as Access denied, because this means that the server is running but refused the connection, which is different from the server not running.<br /> shutdown: Stop the server.<br /> variables: Display the server system variables and their values.<br /> version: Display version information from the server.<br />------------<br />shell> mysql --help<br />shell> mysql -h host -u user -p<br />Enter password: ********<br />mysql> QUIT<br />SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;<br />SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;<br />SELECT VERSION(); SELECT NOW();<br />SELECT USER(),CURRENT_DATE;<br />SELECT USER(); <br />SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE name = 'Smith' AND age < 30;<br />SHOW DATABASES;<br />USE test; use the database called "test" <br />GRANT ALL ON menagerie.* TO 'your_mysql_name'@'your_client_host';<br />CREATE DATABASE menagerie;<br />USE menagerie<br />shell> mysql -h host -u user -p menagerie<br />SELECT DATABASE() : to see which database is currently selected<br />SHOW TABLES;<br />CREATE TABLE pet (name VARCHAR(20), owner VARCHAR(20),<br />species VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(1), birth DATE, death DATE);<br />DESCRIBE pet;<br />LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE '/path/pet.txt' INTO TABLE pet; (to create a text file pet.txt containing one record per line, with values separated by tabs, and given in the order in which the columns were listed in the CREATE TABLE statement. For missing values<br />you can use NULL values. To represent these in your text file, use \N (backslash, capital-N).)<br />INSERT INTO pet VALUES ('Puffball','Diane','hamster','f','1999-03-30',NULL);<br />SELECT * FROM pet;<br />DELETE FROM pet;<br />UPDATE pet SET birth = '1989-08-31' WHERE name = 'Bowser';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = 'Bowser';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth >= '1998-1-1';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = 'dog' AND sex = 'f';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = 'snake' OR species = 'bird';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE (species = 'cat' AND sex = 'm') OR (species = 'dog' AND sex = 'f');<br />SELECT name, birth FROM pet;<br />SELECT owner FROM pet;<br />SELECT DISTINCT owner FROM pet;<br />SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet WHERE species = 'dog' OR species = 'cat';<br />SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth;<br />SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth DESC;<br />SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet ORDER BY species, birth DESC;<br />SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(),TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,CURDATE()) AS age FROM pet;<br />SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(),TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,CURDATE()) AS age FROM pet ORDER BY name;<br />SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(), TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,CURDATE()) AS age FROM pet ORDER BY age;<br />SELECT name, birth, death, TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,death) AS age FROM pet WHERE death IS NOT NULL ORDER BY age;<br />SELECT name, birth, MONTH(birth) FROM pet;<br />SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE MONTH(birth) = 5;<br />SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE MONTH(birth) = MONTH(DATE_ADD(CURDATE(),INTERVAL 1 MONTH));<br />SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE MONTH(birth) = MOD(MONTH(CURDATE()), 12) + 1;<br />SELECT 1 IS NULL, 1 IS NOT NULL;<br />SELECT 1 = NULL, 1 <> NULL, 1 < NULL, 1 > NULL;<br />SELECT 0 IS NULL, 0 IS NOT NULL, '' IS NULL, '' IS NOT NULL;<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE 'b%';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE '%fy';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE '%w%';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE '_____';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP '^b';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP BINARY '^b';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP 'fy$';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP 'w';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP '^.....$';<br />SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP '^.{5}$';<br />SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pet;<br />SELECT owner, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY owner;<br />SELECT species, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species;<br />SELECT sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY sex;<br />SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species, sex;<br />SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet WHERE species = 'dog' OR species = 'cat' GROUP BY species, sex;<br />SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet WHERE sex IS NOT NULL GROUP BY species, sex;<br />CREATE TABLE event (name VARCHAR(20), date DATE, type VARCHAR(15), remark VARCHAR(255));<br />LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'event.txt' INTO TABLE event;<br />SELECT pet.name, (YEAR(date)-YEAR(birth)) - (RIGHT(date,5)<RIGHT(birth,5)) AS age, remark FROM pet INNER JOIN event ON pet.name = event.name WHERE event.type = 'litter';<br />SELECT p1.name, p1.sex, p2.name, p2.sex, p1.species FROM pet AS p1 INNER JOIN pet AS p2 ON p1.species = p2.species AND p1.sex = 'f' AND p2.sex = 'm';<br />SELECT DATABASE();<br />SELECT MAX(article) AS article FROM shop;<br />SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop);<br />SELECT s1.article, s1.dealer, s1.price FROM shop s1 LEFT JOIN shop s2 ON s1.price < s2.price WHERE s2.article IS NULL;<br />SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop ORDER BY price DESC LIMIT 1;<br />SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price FROM shop GROUP BY article;<br />SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop s1 WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(s2.price) FROM shop s2 WHERE s1.article = s2.article);<br />SELECT s1.article, dealer, s1.price FROM shop s1 JOIN ( SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price FROM shop GROUP BY article) AS s2 ON s1.article = s2.article AND s1.price = s2.price;<br />SELECT s1.article, s1.dealer, s1.price FROM shop s1 LEFT JOIN shop s2 ON s1.article = s2.article AND s1.price < s2.price WHERE s2.article IS NULL;<br />SELECT @min_price:=MIN(price),@max_price:=MAX(price) FROM shop;<br />SELECT * FROM shop WHERE price=@min_price OR price=@max_price;<br />CREATE TABLE person (<br />id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,<br />name CHAR(60) NOT NULL,<br />PRIMARY KEY (id)<br />);<br />CREATE TABLE shirt (<br />id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,<br />style ENUM('t-shirt', 'polo', 'dress') NOT NULL,<br />color ENUM('red', 'blue', 'orange', 'white', 'black') NOT NULL,<br />owner SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL REFERENCES person(id),<br />PRIMARY KEY (id)<br />);<br />INSERT INTO person VALUES (NULL, 'Antonio Paz');<br />SELECT @last := LAST_INSERT_ID();<br />INSERT INTO shirt VALUES<br />(NULL, 'polo', 'blue', @last),<br />(NULL, 'dress', 'white', @last),<br />(NULL, 't-shirt', 'blue', @last);<br />INSERT INTO person VALUES (NULL, 'Lilliana Angelovska');<br />SELECT @last := LAST_INSERT_ID();<br />INSERT INTO shirt VALUES<br />(NULL, 'dress', 'orange', @last),<br />(NULL, 'polo', 'red', @last),<br />(NULL, 'dress', 'blue', @last),<br />(NULL, 't-shirt', 'white', @last);<br />SELECT * FROM person;<br />SELECT * FROM shirt;<br />SELECT s.* FROM person p INNER JOIN shirt s ON s.owner = p.id WHERE p.name LIKE 'Lilliana%' AND s.color <> 'white';<br />CREATE TABLE animals ( id MEDIUMINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, name CHAR(30) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) );<br />INSERT INTO animals (name) VALUES ('dog'),('cat'),('penguin'), ('lax'),('whale'),('ostrich'); <br />SELECT * FROM animals;<br />-----------<br />A string is a sequence of bytes or characters, enclosed within either single quote (“'”) or double quote (“"”) characters. Examples:<br />'a string'<br />"another string"<br />Quoted strings placed next to each other are concatenated to a single string. The following lines are equivalent:<br />'a string'<br />'a' ' ' 'string'<br />--------------<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-30524704672223700612014-10-13T23:25:00.000+09:002015-02-17T23:26:21.774+09:00VBA editor-------<br />
Insert > Macro > Module.<br />
-------<br />
To enable VBA:<br />
File > Options > Customise the Ribbon > Developer box<br />
-------<br />
1. Right click anywhere on the ribbon, and then click Customize the Ribbon.<br />
2. Under Customize the Ribbon, on the right side of the dialog box, select Main tabs (if necessary).<br />
3. Check the Developer check box.<br />
4. Click OK.<br />
5. You can find the Developer tab next to the View tab.<br />
-------<br />
File > Options > Trust Center > Trust Center Settings > Macro settings > enable all macros.<br />
-------<br />
ツール > マクロ > Visual Basic Editor<br />
挿入 > 標準モジュール<br />
<br />
プロジェクト ウィンドウ<br />
プロパティ ウィンドウ<br />
コード ウィンドウ<br />
<br />
標準 モジュール<br />
クラス モジュール<br />
-------<br />
Display messages to the Immediate window.<br />
<br />
Debug.Print "message"<br />
Debug.Print "variable1 = "; variable1<br />
Debug.Print "The value of variable X is: " & X<br />
Debug.Print X, Y, Z<br />
<br />
Debug.Assert Var >= 0<br />
This will pause on the Debug.Assert statement if Var >= 0 is False;<br />
<br />
Type or paste a statement into the Immediate window, and then press ENTER. <br />
print variable1<br />
? variable1<br />
? Backcolor<br />
? Text1.Height<br />
-------<br />
To place a command button on your worksheet, execute the following steps.<br />
1. On the Developer tab, click Insert.<br />
2. In the ActiveX Controls group, click Command Button.<br />
3. Drag a command button on your worksheet.<br />
---------<br />
To assign a macro (one or more code lines) to the command button, execute the following steps.<br />
1. Right click CommandButton1 (make sure Design Mode is selected).<br />
2. Click View Code.<br />
3. Place your cursor between Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() and End Sub.<br />
4. Add the code line shown below.<br />
5. Close the Visual Basic Editor.<br />
6. Click the command button on the sheet (make sure Design Mode is deselected).<br />
--------<br />
1. Open the Visual Basic Editor.<br />
2. Double click on This Workbook in the Project Explorer.<br />
3. Choose Workbook from the left drop-down list. Choose Open from the right drop-down list.<br />
4. Add the following code line to the Workbook Open Event:<br />
MsgBox "Good Morning"<br />
5. Save, close and reopen the Excel file.<br />
---------<br />
1. Open the Visual Basic Editor.<br />
2. Double click on a sheet (for example Sheet1) in the Project Explorer.<br />
3. Choose Worksheet from the left drop-down list. Choose Change from the right drop-down list.<br />
4. The Worksheet Change Event listens to all changes on Sheet1. We only want Excel VBA to do something if something changes in cell B2. To achieve this, add the following code lines:<br />
If Target.Address = "$B$2" Then<br />
End If<br />
5. We only want Excel VBA to show a MsgBox if the user enters a value greater than 80. To achieve this, add the following code line between If and End If.<br />
If Target.Value > 80 Then MsgBox "Goal Completed"<br />
6. On Sheet1, enter a number greater than 80 into cell B2.hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-76829662329887770542014-10-09T23:25:00.000+09:002015-02-17T23:26:53.869+09:00VBA excel--APPLICATION--<br />
Properties: <br />
<br />
ActiveCell : Returns a Range object that represents the active cell in the active window (the window on top) or in the specified window. If the window isn't displaying a worksheet, this property fails. Read-only.<br />
ActiveChart : Returns a Chart object that represents the active chart (either an embedded chart or a chart sheet). An embedded chart is considered active when it's either selected or activated. When no chart is active, this property returns Nothing.<br />
ActiveEncryptionSession : Read-only<br />
ActivePrinter : Returns or sets the name of the active printer. Read/write String.<br />
ActiveSheet : Returns an object that represents the active sheet (the sheet on top) in the active workbook or in the specified window or workbook. Returns Nothing if no sheet is active.<br />
ActiveWindow : Returns a Window object that represents the active window (the window on top). Read-only. Returns Nothing if there are no windows open.<br />
ActiveWorkbook : Returns a Workbook object that represents the workbook in the active window (the window on top). Read-only. Returns Nothing if there are no windows open or if either the Info window or the Clipboard window is the active window.<br />
<br />
AddIns : Returns an AddIns collection that represents all the add-ins listed in the Add-Ins dialog box (Tools menu). Read-only.<br />
AlertBeforeOverwriting : True if Microsoft Excel displays a message before overwriting nonblank cells during a drag-and-drop editing operation. Read/write Boolean.<br />
AltStartupPath : Returns or sets the name of the alternate startup folder. Read/write String.<br />
AlwaysUseClearType : Returns or sets a Boolean that represents whether to use ClearType to display fonts in the menu, Ribbon, and dialog box text. Read/write Boolean.<br />
AnswerWizard : Returns the AnswerWizard object for Microsoft Excel. Read-only.<br />
Application : When used without an object qualifier, this property returns an Application object that represents the Microsoft Excel application. When used with an object qualifier, this property returns an Application object that represents the creator of the specified object (you can use this property with an OLE Automation object to return the application of that object). Read-only.<br />
ArbitraryXMLSupportAvailable : Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether the XML features in Microsoft Excel are available. Read-only.<br />
AskToUpdateLinks : True if Microsoft Excel asks the user to update links when opening files with links. False if links are automatically updated with no dialog box. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Assistance : Returns an IAssistance object for short_Excel2007 that represents the Microsoft Office Help Viewer. Read-only.<br />
Assistant : Returns an Assistant object for Microsoft Excel.<br />
AutoCorrect : Returns an AutoCorrect object that represents the Microsoft Excel AutoCorrect attributes. Read-only.<br />
AutoFormatAsYouTypeReplaceHyperlinks : True (default) if Microsoft Excel automatically formats hyperlinks as you type. False if Excel does not automatically format hyperlinks as you type. Read/write Boolean.<br />
AutomationSecurity : Returns or sets an MsoAutomationSecurity constant that represents the security mode Microsoft Excel uses when programmatically opening files. Read/write.<br />
AutoPercentEntry : True if entries in cells formatted as percentages aren’t automatically multiplied by 100 as soon as they are entered. Read/write Boolean.<br />
AutoRecover : Returns an AutoRecover object, which backs up all file formats on a timed interval.<br />
Build : Returns the Microsoft Excel build number. Read-only Long.<br />
CalculateBeforeSave : True if workbooks are calculated before they're saved to disk (if the Calculation property is set to xlManual). This property is preserved even if you change the Calculation property. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Calculation : Returns or sets a XlCalculation value that represents the calculation mode.<br />
CalculationInterruptKey : Sets or returns an XlCalculationInterruptKey constant that specifies the key that can interrupt Microsoft Excel when performing calculations. Read/write.<br />
CalculationState : Returns an XlCalculationState constant that indicates the calculation state of the application, for any calculations that are being performed in Microsoft Excel. Read-only.<br />
CalculationVersion : Returns a number whose rightmost four digits are the minor calculation engine version number, and whose other digits (on the left) are the major version of Microsoft Excel. Read-only Long.<br />
Caller : Returns information about how Visual Basic was called (for more information, see the Remarks section).<br />
Caption : Returns or sets a String value that represents the name that appears in the title bar of the main Microsoft Excel window.<br />
CellDragAndDrop : True if dragging and dropping cells is enabled. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Cells : Returns a Range object that represents all the cells on the active worksheet. If the active document isn’t a worksheet, this property fails.<br />
Charts : Returns a Sheets collection that represents all the chart sheets in the active workbook.<br />
ClipboardFormats : Returns the formats that are currently on the Clipboard, as an array of numeric values. To determine whether a particular format is on the Clipboard, compare each element in the array with the appropriate constant listed in the Remarks section. Read-only Variant.<br />
Columns : Returns a Range object that represents all the columns on the active worksheet. If the active document isn't a worksheet, the Columns property fails.<br />
COMAddIns : Returns the COMAddIns collection for Microsoft Excel, which represents the currently installed COM add-ins. Read-only.<br />
CommandBars : Returns a CommandBars object that represents the Microsoft Excel command bars. Read-only.<br />
CommandUnderlines : Returns or sets the state of the command underlines in Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh. Can be one of the constants of XlCommandUnderlines. Read/write Long.<br />
ConstrainNumeric : True if handwriting recognition is limited to numbers and punctuation only. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ControlCharacters : True if Microsoft Excel displays control characters for right-to-left languages. Read/write Boolean.<br />
CopyObjectsWithCells : True if objects are cut, copied, extracted, and sorted with cells. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Creator : Returns a 32-bit integer that indicates the application in which this object was created. Read-only Long.<br />
Cursor : Returns or sets the appearance of the mouse pointer in Microsoft Excel. Read/write XlMousePointer.<br />
CursorMovement : Returns or sets a value that indicates whether a visual cursor or a logical cursor is used. Can be one of the following constants: xlVisualCursor or xlLogicalCursor. Read/write Long.<br />
CustomListCount : Returns the number of defined custom lists (including built-in lists). Read-only Long.<br />
CutCopyMode : Returns or sets the status of Cut or Copy mode. Can be True, False, or an XLCutCopyMode constant, as shown in the following tables. Read/write Long.<br />
DataEntryMode : Returns or sets Data Entry mode, as shown in the following table. When in Data Entry mode, you can enter data only in the unlocked cells in the currently selected range. Read/write Long.<br />
DDEAppReturnCode : Returns the application-specific DDE return code that was contained in the last DDE acknowledge message received by Microsoft Excel. Read-only Long.<br />
DecimalSeparator : Sets or returns the character used for the decimal separator as a String. Read/write.<br />
DefaultFilePath : Returns or sets the default path that Microsoft Excel uses when it opens files. Read/write String.<br />
DefaultSaveFormat : Returns or sets the default format for saving files. For a list of valid constants, see the FileFormat property. Read/write Long.<br />
DefaultSheetDirection : Returns or sets the default direction in which Microsoft Excel displays new windows and worksheets. Can be one of the following constants: xlRTL (right to left) or xlLTR (left to right). Read/write Long.<br />
DefaultWebOptions : Returns the DefaultWebOptions object that contains global application-level attributes used by Microsoft Excel whenever you save a document as a Web page or open a Web page. Read-only.<br />
DeferAsyncQueries : Gets or sets whether asychronous queries to OLAP data sources are executed when a worksheet is calculated by VBA code. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Dialogs : Returns a Dialogs collection that represents all built-in dialog boxes. Read-only.<br />
DisplayAlerts : True if Microsoft Excel displays certain alerts and messages while a macro is running. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayClipboardWindow : Returns True if the Microsoft Office Clipboard can be displayed. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayCommentIndicator : Returns or sets the way cells display comments and indicators. Can be one of the XlCommentDisplayMode constants.<br />
DisplayDocumentActionTaskPane : Set to True to display the Document Actions task pane; set to False to hide the Document Actions task pane. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayDocumentInformationPanel : Returns or sets a Boolean that represents whether the document properties panel is displayed. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayExcel4Menus : True if Microsoft Excel displays version 4.0 menu bars. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayFormulaAutoComplete : Gets or sets whether to show a list of relevant functions and defined names when building cell formulas. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayFormulaBar : True if the formula bar is displayed. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayFullScreen : True if Microsoft Excel is in full-screen mode. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayFunctionToolTips : True if function ToolTips can be displayed. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayInsertOptions : True if the Insert Options button should be displayed. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayNoteIndicator : True if cells containing notes display cell tips and contain note indicators (small dots in their upper-right corners). Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayPasteOptions : True if the Paste Options button can be displayed. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayRecentFiles : True if the list of recently used files is displayed in the UI. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayScrollBars : True if scroll bars are visible for all workbooks. Read/write Boolean.<br />
DisplayStatusBar : True if the status bar is displayed. Read/write Boolean.<br />
EditDirectlyInCell : True if Microsoft Excel allows editing in cells. Read/write Boolean.<br />
EnableAnimations : True if animated insertion and deletion is enabled. Read/write Boolean.<br />
EnableAutoComplete : True if the AutoComplete feature is enabled. Read/write Boolean.<br />
EnableCancelKey : Controls how Microsoft Excel handles CTRL+BREAK (or ESC or COMMAND+PERIOD) user interruptions to the running procedure. Read/write XlEnableCancelKey.<br />
EnableEvents : True if events are enabled for the specified object. Read/write Boolean.<br />
EnableLargeOperationAlert : Sets or returns a Boolean that represents whether to display an alert message when a user attempts to perform an operation that affects a larger number of cells than is specified in the Office center UI. Read/write Boolean.<br />
EnableLivePreview : Sets or returns a Boolean that represents whether to show or hide gallery previews that appear when using galleries that support previewing. Setting this property to True shows a preview of your workbook before applying the command. Read/write Boolean.<br />
EnableSound : True if sound is enabled for Microsoft Office. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ErrorCheckingOptions : Returns an ErrorCheckingOptions object, which represents the error checking options for an application.<br />
Excel4IntlMacroSheets : Returns a Sheets collection that represents all the Microsoft Excel 4.0 international macro sheets in the specified workbook. Read-only.<br />
Excel4MacroSheets : Returns a Sheets collection that represents all the Microsoft Excel 4.0 macro sheets in the specified workbook. Read-only.<br />
ExtendList : True if Microsoft Excel automatically extends formatting and formulas to new data that is added to a list. Read/write Boolean.<br />
FeatureInstall : Returns or sets a value (constant) that specifies how Microsoft Excel handles calls to methods and properties that require features that aren’t yet installed. Can be one of the MsoFeatureInstall constants listed in the following table. Read/write MsoFeatureInstall.<br />
FileConverters : Returns information about installed file converters. Returns null if there are no converters installed. Read-only Variant.<br />
FileDialog : Returns a FileDialog object representing an instance of the file dialog.<br />
FindFormat : Sets or returns the search criteria for the type of cell formats to find.<br />
FixedDecimal : All data entered after this property is set to True will be formatted with the number of fixed decimal places set by the FixedDecimalPlaces property. Read/write Boolean.<br />
FixedDecimalPlaces : Returns or sets the number of fixed decimal places used when the FixedDecimal property is set to True. Read/write Long.<br />
FormulaBarHeight : Allows the user to specify the height of the formula bar in lines. Read/write Long.<br />
GenerateGetPivotData : Returns True when Microsoft Excel can get PivotTable report data. Read/write Boolean.<br />
GenerateTableRefs : The GenerateTableRefs property determines whether the traditional notation method or the new structured referencing notation method is used for referencing tables in formulas. Read/write.<br />
Height : Returns or sets a Double value that represents tThe height, in points, of the main application window.<br />
Hinstance : Returns the instance handle of the instance that is calling Microsoft Excel. Read-only Long.<br />
Hwnd : Returns a Long indicating the top-level window handle of the Microsoft Excel window. Read-only.<br />
IgnoreRemoteRequests : True if remote DDE requests are ignored. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Interactive : True if Microsoft Excel is in interactive mode; this property is usually True. If you set the this property to False, Microsoft Excel will block all input from the keyboard and mouse (except input to dialog boxes that are displayed by your code). Read/write Boolean.<br />
International : Returns information about the current country/region and international settings. Read-only Variant.<br />
Iteration : True if Microsoft Excel will use iteration to resolve circular references. Read/write Boolean.<br />
LanguageSettings : Returns the LanguageSettings object, which contains information about the language settings in Microsoft Excel. Read-only.<br />
LargeOperationCellThousandCount : Returns or sets the maximum number of cells needed in an operation beyond which an alert is triggered. Read/write Long.<br />
Left : Returns or sets a Double value that represents the distance, in points, from the left edge of the screen to the left edge of the main Microsoft Excel window.<br />
LibraryPath : Returns the path to the Library folder, but without the final separator. Read-only String.<br />
MailSession : Returns the MAPI mail session number as a hexadecimal string (if there's an active session), or returns null if there's no session. Read-only Variant.<br />
MailSystem : Returns the mail system that's installed on the host machine. Read-only XlMailSystem.<br />
MapPaperSize : True if documents formatted for the standard paper size of another country/region (for example, A4) are automatically adjusted so that they're printed correctly on the standard paper size (for example, Letter) of your country/region. Read/write Boolean.<br />
MathCoprocessorAvailable : True if a math coprocessor is available. Read-only Boolean.<br />
MaxChange : Returns or sets the maximum amount of change between each iteration as Microsoft Excel resolves circular references. Read/write Double.<br />
MaxIterations : Returns or sets the maximum number of iterations that Microsoft Excel can use to resolve a circular reference. Read/write Long.<br />
MeasurementUnit : Specifies the measurement unit used in the application. Read/write xlMeasurementUnit.<br />
MouseAvailable : True if a mouse is available. Read-only Boolean.<br />
MoveAfterReturn : True if the active cell will be moved as soon as the ENTER (RETURN) key is pressed. Read/write Boolean.<br />
MoveAfterReturnDirection : Returns or sets the direction in which the active cell is moved when the user presses ENTER. Read/write XlDirection.<br />
MultiThreadedCalculation : Returns a MultiThreadedCalculation object that controls the multi-threaded recalculation settings that are new in short_Excel2007. Read-only.<br />
Name : Returns a String value that represents the name of the object.<br />
Names : Returns a Names collection that represents all the names in the active workbook. Read-only Names object.<br />
NetworkTemplatesPath : Returns the network path where templates are stored. If the network path doesn’t exist, this property returns an empty string. Read-only String.<br />
NewWorkbook : Returns a NewFile object.<br />
ODBCErrors : Returns an ODBCErrors collection that contains all the ODBC errors generated by the most recent query table or PivotTable report operation. Read-only.<br />
ODBCTimeout : Returns or sets the ODBC query time limit, in seconds. The default value is 45 seconds. Read/write Long.<br />
OLEDBErrors : Returns the OLEDBErrors collection, which represents the error information returned by the most recent OLE DB query. Read-only.<br />
OnWindow : Returns or sets the name of the procedure that’s run whenever you activate a window. Read/write String.<br />
OperatingSystem : Returns the name and version number of the current operating system — for example, "Windows (32-bit) 4.00" or "Macintosh 7.00". Read-only String.<br />
OrganizationName : Returns the registered organization name. Read-only String.<br />
Parent : Returns the parent object for the specified object. Read-only.<br />
Path : Returns a String value that represents the complete path to the application, excluding the final separator and name of the application.<br />
PathSeparator : Returns the path separator character ("\"). Read-only String.<br />
PivotTableSelection : True if PivotTable reports use structured selection. Read/write Boolean.<br />
PreviousSelections : Returns an array of the last four ranges or names selected. Each element in the array is a Range object. Read-only Variant.<br />
ProductCode : Returns the globally unique identifier (GUID) for Microsoft Excel. Read-only String.<br />
PromptForSummaryInfo : True if Microsoft Excel asks for summary information when files are first saved. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Range : Returns a Range object that represents a cell or a range of cells.<br />
Ready : Returns True when the Microsoft Excel application is ready; False when the Excel application is not ready. Read-only Boolean.<br />
RecentFiles : Returns a RecentFiles collection that represents the list of recently used files.<br />
RecordRelative : True if macros are recorded using relative references; False if recording is absolute. Read-only Boolean.<br />
ReferenceStyle : Returns or sets how Microsoft Excel displays cell references and row and column headings in either A1 or R1C1 reference style. Read/write XlReferenceStyle.<br />
RegisteredFunctions : Returns information about functions in either dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) or code resources that were registered with the REGISTER or REGISTER.ID macro functions. Read-only Variant.<br />
ReplaceFormat : Sets the replacement criteria to use in replacing cell formats. The replacement criteria is then used in a subsequent call to the Replace method of the Range object.<br />
RollZoom : True if the IntelliMouse zooms instead of scrolling. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Rows : Returns a Range object that represents all the rows on the active worksheet. If the active document isn’t a worksheet, the Rows property fails. Read-only Range object.<br />
RTD : Returns an RTD object.<br />
ScreenUpdating : True if screen updating is turned on. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Selection : Returns the selected object in the active window for an Application object.<br />
Sheets : Returns a Sheets collection that represents all the sheets in the active workbook. Read-only Sheets object.<br />
SheetsInNewWorkbook : Returns or sets the number of sheets that Microsoft Excel automatically inserts into new workbooks. Read/write Long.<br />
ShowChartTipNames : True if charts show chart tip names. The default value is True. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ShowChartTipValues : True if charts show chart tip values. The default value is True. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ShowDevTools : Returns or sets a Boolean that represents whether the Developer tab is displayed in the Ribbon. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ShowMenuFloaties : Returns or sets a Boolean that represents whether to display Mini toolbars when the user right-clicks in the workbook window. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ShowSelectionFloaties : Returns or sets a Boolean that represents whether Mini toolbars displays when a user selects text. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ShowStartupDialog : Returns True (default is False) when the New Workbook task pane appears for a Microsoft Excel application. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ShowToolTips : True if ToolTips are turned on. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ShowWindowsInTaskbar : True if there’s a separate Windows taskbar button for each open workbook. The default value is True. Read/write Boolean.<br />
SmartTagRecognizers : Returns a SmartTagRecognizers collection for an application.<br />
Speech : Returns a Speech object.<br />
SpellingOptions : Returns a SpellingOptions object that represents the spelling options of the application.<br />
StandardFont : Returns or sets the name of the standard font. Read/write String.<br />
StandardFontSize : Returns or sets the standard font size, in points. Read/write Long.<br />
StartupPath : Returns the complete path of the startup folder, excluding the final separator. Read-only String.<br />
StatusBar : Returns or sets the text in the status bar. Read/write String.<br />
TemplatesPath : Returns the local path where templates are stored. Read-only String.<br />
ThisCell : Returns the cell in which the user-defined function is being called from as a Range object.<br />
ThisWorkbook : Returns a Workbook object that represents the workbook where the current macro code is running. Read-only.<br />
ThousandsSeparator : Sets or returns the character used for the thousands separator as a String. Read/write.<br />
Top : Returns or sets a Double value that represents the distance, in points, from the top edge of the screen to the top edge of the main Microsoft Excel window.<br />
TransitionMenuKey : Returns or sets the Microsoft Excel menu or help key, which is usually "/". Read/write String.<br />
TransitionMenuKeyAction : Returns or sets the action taken when the Microsoft Excel menu key is pressed. Can be either xlExcelMenus or xlLotusHelp. Read/write Long.<br />
TransitionNavigKeys : True if transition navigation keys are active. Read/write Boolean.<br />
UsableHeight : Returns the maximum height of the space that a window can occupy in the application window area, in points. Read-only Double.<br />
UsableWidth : Returns the maximum width of the space that a window can occupy in the application window area, in points. Read-only Double.<br />
UsedObjects : Returns a UsedObjects object representing objects allocated in a workbook. Read-only<br />
UserControl : True if the application is visible or if it was created or started by the user. False if you created or started the application programmatically by using the CreateObject or GetObject functions, and the application is hidden. Read/write Boolean.<br />
UserLibraryPath : Returns the path to the location on the user’s computer where the COM add-ins are installed. Read-only String.<br />
UserName : Returns or sets the name of the current user. Read/write String.<br />
UseSystemSeparators : True (default) if the system separators of Microsoft Excel are enabled. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Value : Returns a String value that represents the name of the application.<br />
VBE : Returns a VBE object that represents the Visual Basic Editor. Read-only.<br />
Version : Returns a String value that represents the Microsoft Excel version number.<br />
Visible : Returns or sets a Boolean value that determines whether the object is visible. Read/write.<br />
WarnOnFunctionNameConflict : The WarnOnFunctionNameConflict property, when set to True, raises an alert if a developer tries to create a new function using an existing function name. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Watches : Returns a Watches object representing a range which is tracked when the worksheet is recalculated.<br />
Width : Returns or sets a Double value that represents the distance, in points, from the left edge of the application window to its right edge.<br />
Windows : Returns a Windows collection that represents all the windows in all the workbooks. Read-only Windows object.<br />
WindowsForPens : True if the computer is running under Microsoft Windows for Pen Computing. Read-only Boolean.<br />
WindowState : Returns or sets the state of the window. Read/write XlWindowState.<br />
Workbooks : Returns a Workbooks collection that represents all the open workbooks. Read-only.<br />
WorksheetFunction : Returns the WorksheetFunction object. Read-only.<br />
Worksheets : For an Application object, returns a Sheets collection that represents all the worksheets in the active workbook. For a Workbook object, returns a Sheets collection that represents all the worksheets in the specified workbook. Read-only Sheets object.<br />
--Chart Object----<br />
Charts(1).SeriesCollection(1).Format.Fill.ForeColor.RGB = rgbRed<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Sales").Move after:=Sheets(Sheets.Count)<br />
------<br />
Charts(1).Activate<br />
With ActiveChart<br />
.Type = xlLine<br />
.HasTitle = True<br />
.ChartTitle.Text = "January Sales"<br />
End With<br />
------<br />
Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Activate<br />
ActiveChart.ChartType = xlLine<br />
ActiveChart.HasTitle = True<br />
ActiveChart.ChartTitle.Text = "January Sales"<br />
------<br />
Charts("chart1").Activate<br />
ActiveSheet.SeriesCollection(1).Format.Fill.ForeColor.RGB = rgbBlue<br />
------<br />
Charts("Chart1").SeriesCollection(1). _<br />
ApplyDataLabels Type:=xlDataLabelsShowLabel<br />
--------<br />
With Charts("Chart1").Axes(xlCategory)<br />
.HasTitle = True<br />
.AxisTitle.Text = "July Sales"<br />
End With<br />
--------<br />
Charts("Chart1").Axes(xlCategory).HasMajorGridlines = False<br />
--------<br />
For Each a In Charts("Chart1").Axes<br />
a.HasMajorGridlines = False<br />
a.HasMinorGridlines = False<br />
Next a<br />
-------<br />
With Charts("Chart1").ChartGroups(1)<br />
.HasUpDownBars = True<br />
.DownBars.Interior.ColorIndex = 3<br />
.UpBars.Interior.ColorIndex = 5<br />
End With<br />
----<br />
With Worksheets("Sheet1").ChartObjects(1).Chart<br />
.HasTitle = True<br />
.ChartTitle.Text = "1995 Rainfall Totals by Month"<br />
End With<br />
--------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").ChartObjects(1).Activate<br />
ActiveChart.SeriesCollection.Add _<br />
source:=Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:B10")<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").ChartObjects(1).Chart.ChartArea.ClearFormats<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").ChartWizard _<br />
Gallery:=xlLine, _<br />
HasLegend:=True, CategoryTitle:="Year", ValueTitle:="Sales"<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Copy After:=Worksheets("Sheet3")<br />
-------<br />
[a1].Value = 25<br />
Evaluate("A1").Value = 25<br />
<br />
trigVariable = [SIN(45)]<br />
trigVariable = Evaluate("SIN(45)")<br />
<br />
Set firstCellInSheet = Workbooks("BOOK1.XLS").Sheets(4).[A1]<br />
Set firstCellInSheet = _<br />
Workbooks("BOOK1.XLS").Sheets(4).Evaluate("A1")<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate<br />
boldCell = "A1"<br />
Application.Evaluate(boldCell).Font.Bold = True<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").ChartObjects(1) _<br />
.Chart. Export _<br />
FileName:="current_sales.gif", FilterName:="GIF"<br />
-------<br />
Private Sub Chart_MouseMove(ByVal Button As Long, _<br />
ByVal Shift As Long, ByVal X As Long, ByVal Y As Long)<br />
Dim IDNum As Long<br />
Dim a As Long<br />
Dim b As Long<br />
<br />
ActiveChart.GetChartElement X, Y, IDNum, a, b<br />
If IDNum = xlLegendEntry Then _<br />
MsgBox "WARNING: Move away from the legend"<br />
End Sub<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Chart _<br />
.Location xlLocationAsNewSheet, "Monthly Sales"<br />
-------<br />
Set newSheet = Worksheets.Add<br />
i = 2<br />
newSheet.Range("A1").Value = "Name"<br />
newSheet.Range("B1").Value = "Link Type"<br />
For Each obj In Worksheets("Sheet1").OLEObjects<br />
newSheet.Cells(i, 1).Value = obj.Name<br />
If obj.OLEType = xlOLELink Then<br />
newSheet.Cells(i, 2) = "Linked"<br />
Else<br />
newSheet.Cells(i, 2) = "Embedded"<br />
End If<br />
i = i + 1<br />
Next<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:B5").Copy<br />
Charts("Chart1").Paste<br />
-------<br />
ActiveSheet.PrintOut<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").PrintPreview<br />
-------<br />
ActiveChart.SaveChartTemplate _<br />
Filename:="Presentation Chart"<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").SeriesCollection(1).HasDataLabels = True<br />
-------<br />
ActiveChart.SetDefaultChart Name:="Monthly Sales"<br />
-------<br />
ActiveChart.Axes(xlValue).MajorGridlines.Select<br />
ActiveChart.SetElement (msoElementChartTitleCenteredOverlay)<br />
ActiveChart.SetElement (msoElementPrimaryCategoryGridLinesMinor)<br />
ActiveChart.Walls.Select<br />
Application.CommandBars("Clip Art").Visible = False<br />
ActiveChart.SetElement (msoElementChartFloorShow)<br />
-------<br />
Charts(1).SetSourceData Source:=Sheets(1).Range("a1:a10"), _<br />
PlotBy:=xlColumns<br />
-------<br />
Set myObject = ActiveWorkbook<br />
If myObject.Application.Value = "Microsoft Excel" Then<br />
MsgBox "This is an Excel Application object."<br />
Else<br />
MsgBox "This is not an Excel Application object."<br />
End If<br />
-------<br />
With Charts("Chart1")<br />
.RightAngleAxes = True<br />
.AutoScaling = True<br />
End With<br />
-------<br />
With Charts("Chart1").ChartArea<br />
.Interior.ColorIndex = 3<br />
.Border.ColorIndex = 5<br />
End With<br />
-------<br />
With Charts("Chart1")<br />
.HasTitle = True<br />
.ChartTitle.Text = "First Quarter Sales"<br />
End With<br />
-------<br />
With Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Chart<br />
If .ChartType = xlBubble Then<br />
.ChartGroups(1).BubbleScale = 200<br />
End If<br />
End With<br />
-------<br />
MsgBox Worksheets(1).CodeName<br />
-------<br />
With Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Chart<br />
.HasDataTable = True<br />
.DataTable.HasBorderOutline = True<br />
End With<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").DepthPercent = 50<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").DisplayBlanksAs = xlNotPlotted<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").Elevation = 34<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").Floor.Interior.ColorIndex = 5<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").GapDepth = 200<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").HasAxis(xlValue, xlPrimary) = True<br />
-------<br />
With Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Chart<br />
.HasDataTable = True<br />
With .DataTable<br />
.HasBorderHorizontal = False<br />
.HasBorderVertical = False<br />
.HasBorderOutline = True<br />
End With<br />
End With<br />
-------<br />
With Charts("Chart1")<br />
.HasLegend = True<br />
.Legend.Font.ColorIndex = 5<br />
End With<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").HeightPercent = 80<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").HasLegend = True<br />
Charts("Chart1").Legend.Font.ColorIndex = 5<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").PageSetup.CenterHeader = "December Sales"<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").RightAngleAxes = False<br />
Charts("Chart1").Perspective = 70<br />
-------<br />
Set objNewSheet = Worksheets.Add<br />
objNewSheet.Activate<br />
intRow = 1<br />
For Each objPF In _<br />
Charts("Chart1").PivotLayout.PivotFields<br />
objNewSheet.Cells(intRow, 1).Value = objPF.Caption<br />
intRow = intRow + 1<br />
Next objPF<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").PlotArea.Interior.ColorIndex = 8<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Chart.PlotBy = xlColumns<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").PlotVisibleOnly = True<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Chart.ProtectData = True<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Chart.ProtectFormatting = True<br />
-------<br />
MsgBox ActiveSheet.ProtectionMode<br />
-------<br />
Worksheets(1).ChartObjects(1).Chart.ProtectSelection = True<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").RightAngleAxes = True<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").Rotation = 30<br />
-------<br />
Charts("Chart1").Walls.Border.ColorIndex = 3<br />
-------<br />
Methods<br />
Activate : Makes the current chart the active chart.<br />
ApplyChartTemplate : Applies a standard or custom chart type to a chart.<br />
ApplyDataLabels : Applies data labels to all the series in a chart.<br />
ApplyLayout : Applies the layouts shown in the ribbon.<br />
Axes : Returns an object that represents either a single axis or a collection of the axes on the chart.<br />
ChartGroups : Returns an object that represents either a single chart group (a ChartGroup object) or a collection of all the chart groups in the chart (a ChartGroups object). The returned collection includes every type of group.<br />
ChartObjects : Returns an object that represents either a single embedded chart (a ChartObject object) or a collection of all the embedded charts (a ChartObjects object) on the sheet.<br />
ChartWizard : Modifies the properties of the given chart. You can use this method to quickly format a chart without setting all the individual properties. This method is noninteractive, and it changes only the specified properties.<br />
CheckSpelling : Checks the spelling of an object.<br />
ClearToMatchStyle : Clears the chart elements formatting to automatic.<br />
Copy : Copies the sheet to another location in the workbook.<br />
CopyPicture : Copies the selected object to the Clipboard as a picture.<br />
Delete : Deletes the object.<br />
Evaluate : Converts a Microsoft Excel name to an object or a value.<br />
Export : Exports the chart in a graphic format.<br />
ExportAsFixedFormat : Exports to a file of the specified format.<br />
GetChartElement : Returns information about the chart element at specified X and Y coordinates. This method is unusual in that you specify values for only the first two arguments. Microsoft Excel fills in the other arguments, and your code should examine those values when the method returns.<br />
Location : Moves the chart to a new location.<br />
Move : Moves the chart to another location in the workbook.<br />
OLEObjects : Returns an object that represents either a single OLE object (an OLEObject ) or a collection of all OLE objects (an OLEObjects collection) on the chart or sheet. Read-only.<br />
Paste : Pastes chart data from the Clipboard into the specified chart.<br />
PrintOut : Prints the object.<br />
PrintPreview : Shows a preview of the object as it would look when printed.<br />
Protect : Protects a chart so that it cannot be modified.<br />
Refresh : Causes the specified chart to be redrawn immediately.<br />
SaveAs : Saves changes to the chart or worksheet in a different file.<br />
SaveChartTemplate : Saves a custom chart template to the list of available chart templates.<br />
Select : Selects the object.<br />
SeriesCollection : Returns an object that represents either a single series (a Series object) or a collection of all the series (a SeriesCollection collection) in the chart or chart group.<br />
SetBackgroundPicture : Sets the background graphic for a chart.<br />
SetDefaultChart : Specifies the name of the chart template that Microsoft Excel uses when creating new charts.<br />
SetElement : Sets chart elements on a chart. Read/write MsoChartElementType.<br />
SetSourceData : Sets the source data range for the chart.<br />
Unprotect : Removes protection from a sheet or workbook. This method has no effect if the sheet or workbook isn't protected.<br />
Properties: <br />
Application : When used without an object qualifier, this property returns an Application object that represents the Microsoft Excel application. When used with an object qualifier, this property returns an Application object that represents the creator of the specified object (you can use this property with an OLE Automation object to return the application of that object). Read-only.<br />
AutoScaling : True if Microsoft Excel scales a 3-D chart so that it's closer in size to the equivalent 2-D chart. The RightAngleAxes property must be True. Read/write Boolean.<br />
BackWall : Returns a Walls object that allows the user to individually format the back wall of a 3-D chart. Read-only.<br />
BarShape : Returns or sets the shape used with the 3-D bar or column chart. Read/write XlBarShape.<br />
ChartArea : Returns a ChartArea object that represents the complete chart area for the chart. Read-only.<br />
ChartStyle : Returns or sets the chart style for the chart. Read/write Variant.<br />
ChartTitle : Returns a ChartTitle object that represents the title of the specified chart. Read-only.<br />
ChartType : Returns or sets the chart type. Read/write XlChartType.<br />
CodeName : Returns the code name for the object. Read-only String.<br />
Creator : Returns a 32-bit integer that indicates the application in which this object was created. Read-only Long.<br />
DataTable : Returns a DataTable object that represents the chart data table. Read-only.<br />
DepthPercent : Returns or sets the depth of a 3-D chart as a percentage of the chart width (between 20 and 2000 percent). Read/write Long.<br />
DisplayBlanksAs : Returns or sets the way that blank cells are plotted on a chart. Can be one of the XlDisplayBlanksAs constants. Read/write Long.<br />
Elevation : Returns or sets the elevation of the 3-D chart view, in degrees. Read/write Long.<br />
Floor : Returns a Floor object that represents the floor of the 3-D chart. Read-only.<br />
GapDepth : Returns or sets the distance between the data series in a 3-D chart, as a percentage of the marker width. The value of this property must be between 0 and 500. Read/write Long.<br />
HasAxis : Returns or sets which axes exist on the chart. Read/write Variant.<br />
HasDataTable : True if the chart has a data table. Read/write Boolean.<br />
HasLegend : True if the chart has a legend. Read/write Boolean.<br />
HasTitle : True if the axis or chart has a visible title. Read/write Boolean.<br />
HeightPercent : Returns or sets the height of a 3-D chart as a percentage of the chart width (between 1 and 10000 percent). Read/write Long.<br />
Hyperlinks : Returns a Hyperlinks collection that represents the hyperlinks for the chart.<br />
Index : Returns a Long value that represents the index number of the object within the collection of similar objects.<br />
Legend : Returns a Legend object that represents the legend for the chart. Read-only.<br />
MailEnvelope : Rrepresents an e-mail header for a document.<br />
Name : Returns or sets a String value representing the name of the object.<br />
Next : Returns a Worksheet object that represents the next sheet.<br />
PageSetup : Returns a PageSetup object that contains all the page setup settings for the specified object. Read-only.<br />
Parent : Returns the parent object for the specified object. Read-only.<br />
Perspective : Returns or sets a Long value that represents the perspective for the 3-D chart view.<br />
PivotLayout : Returns a PivotLayout object that represents the placement of fields in a PivotTable report and the placement of axes in a PivotChart report. Read-only.<br />
PlotArea : Returns a PlotArea object that represents the plot area of a chart. Read-only.<br />
PlotBy : Returns or sets the way columns or rows are used as data series on the chart. Can be one of the following XlRowCol constants: xlColumns or xlRows. Read/write Long.<br />
PlotVisibleOnly : True if only visible cells are plotted. False if both visible and hidden cells are plotted. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Previous : Returns a Worksheet object that represents the next sheet.<br />
ProtectContents : True if the contents of the sheet are protected. For a chart, this protects the entire chart. To turn on content protection, use the Protect method with the Contents argument set to True. Read-only Boolean.<br />
ProtectData : True if series formulas cannot be modified by the user. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ProtectDrawingObjects : True if shapes are protected. To turn on shape protection, use the Protect method with the DrawingObjects argument set to True. Read-only Boolean.<br />
ProtectFormatting : True if chart formatting cannot be modified by the user. Read/write Boolean.<br />
ProtectionMode : True if user-interface-only protection is turned on. To turn on user interface protection, use the Protect method with the UserInterfaceOnly argument set to True. Read-only Boolean.<br />
ProtectSelection : True if chart elements cannot be selected. Read/write Boolean.<br />
RightAngleAxes : True if the chart axes are at right angles, independent of chart rotation or elevation. Applies only to 3-D line, column, and bar charts. Read/write Boolean.<br />
Rotation : Returns or sets the rotation of the 3-D chart view (the rotation of the plot area around the z-axis, in degrees). The value of this property must be from 0 to 360, except for 3-D bar charts, where the value must be from 0 to 44. The default value is 20. Applies only to 3-D charts. Read/write Variant.<br />
Shapes : Returns a Shapes collection that represents all the shapes on the chart sheet. Read-only.<br />
ShowDataLabelsOverMaximum : Returns or sets whether to show the data labels when the value is greater than the maximum value on the value axis. Read/write Boolean.<br />
SideWall : Returns a Walls object that allows the user to individually format the side wall of a 3-D chart. Read-only.<br />
Tab : Returns a Tab object for a chart.<br />
Visible : Returns or sets an XlSheetVisibility value that determines whether the object is visible.<br />
Walls : Returns a Walls object that represents the walls of the 3-D chart. Read-only.<br />
Events: <br />
Activate : Occurs when a workbook, worksheet, chart sheet, or embedded chart is activated.<br />
BeforeDoubleClick : Occurs when a chart element is double-clicked, before the default double-click action.<br />
BeforeRightClick : Occurs when a chart element is right-clicked, before the default right-click action.<br />
Calculate : Occurs after the chart plots new or changed data, for the Chart object.<br />
Deactivate : Occurs when the chart, worksheet, or workbook is deactivated.<br />
MouseDown : Occurs when a mouse button is pressed while the pointer is over a chart.<br />
MouseMove : Occurs when the position of the mouse pointer changes over a chart.<br />
MouseUp : Occurs when a mouse button is released while the pointer is over a chart.<br />
Resize : Occurs when the chart is resized.<br />
Select : Occurs when a chart element is selected.<br />
SeriesChange : Occurs when the user changes the value of a chart data point by clicking a bar in the chart and dragging the top edge up or down thus changing the value of the data point.<br />
<br />
----BEGIN-----<br />
ワークブック(Workbook)<br />
ワークシート(Worksheet)<br />
セル(Cell)<br />
---------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1").Value = "HELLO EXCEL VBA WORLD"<br />
-------<br />
Range("A1"): Cell A1<br />
Range("A1:B5"): Cells A1 through B5<br />
Range("C5:D9,G9:H16"): A multiple-area selection<br />
Range("A:A"): Column A<br />
Range("1:1"): Row 1<br />
Range("A:C"): Columns A through C<br />
Range("1:5"): Rows 1 through 5<br />
Range("1:1,3:3,8:8"): Rows 1, 3, and 8<br />
Range("A:A,C:C,F:F"): Columns A, C, and F<br />
--------<br />
MsgBox "Entered value is " & Range("A1").Value<br />
& operator: to concatenate (join) two strings.<br />
--------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1").Select<br />
Range("A1").Value = "EXCEL VBA"<br />
Cells(1,1).Value = "EXCEL VBA"<br />
<br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1").Value="EXCEL VBA"<br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1").RowHeight = 20<br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1").ColumnWidth = 20<br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Cells(1,1).Value="EXCEL VBA"<br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Cells(1,1).RowHeight=20<br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Cells(1,1).ColumnWidth=20<br />
-------<br />
With Worksheets("Sheet6")<br />
.Range("A1").Value = "EXCEL VBA"<br />
.Range("A1").RowHeight = 20<br />
.Range("A1").ColumnWidth = 20<br />
End With<br />
------------<br />
Dim MyFile, MyPath, MyName<br />
' Returns "WIN.INI" if it exists.<br />
MyFile = Dir("C:\WINDOWS\WIN.INI") <br />
<br />
' Returns filename with specified extension. If more than one *.INI<br />
' file exists, the first file found is returned.<br />
MyFile = Dir("C:\WINDOWS\*.INI")<br />
<br />
' Call Dir again without arguments to return the next *.INI file in the<br />
' same directory.<br />
MyFile = Dir()<br />
<br />
' Return first *.TXT file, including files with a set hidden attribute.<br />
MyFile = Dir("*.TXT", vbHidden)<br />
<br />
' Display the names in C:\ that represent directories.<br />
MyPath = "c:\" ' Set the path.<br />
MyName = Dir(MyPath, vbDirectory) ' Retrieve the first entry.<br />
Do While MyName <> "" ' Start the loop.<br />
' Use bitwise comparison to make sure MyName is a directory.<br />
If (GetAttr(MyPath & MyName) And vbDirectory) = vbDirectory Then<br />
' Display entry only if it's a directory.<br />
Debug.WriteLine(MyName)<br />
End If <br />
MyName = Dir() ' Get next entry.<br />
Loop<br />
-------<br />
If Len(Dir("c:\Instructions.doc")) = 0 Then<br />
Msgbox "This file does NOT exist."<br />
Else<br />
Msgbox "This file does exist."<br />
End If<br />
--------<br />
Sub LoopThroughFiles()<br />
Dim MyObj As Object, MySource As Object, file As Variant<br />
file = Dir("c:\testfolder\")<br />
While (file <> "")<br />
If InStr(file, "test") > 0 Then<br />
MsgBox "found " & file<br />
Exit Sub<br />
End If<br />
file = Dir<br />
Wend<br />
End Sub<br />
--------<br />
Sub LoopThroughFiles()<br />
Dim StrFile As String<br />
StrFile = Dir("c:\testfolder\*test*")<br />
Do While Len(StrFile) > 0<br />
Debug.Print StrFile<br />
StrFile = Dir<br />
Loop<br />
End Sub<br />
--------------<br />
With Worksheets("Sheet6")<br />
With .Range("A1")<br />
.Value = "EXCEL VBA"<br />
.RowHeight = 20<br />
.ColumnWidth = 20<br />
End With<br />
End With<br />
------<br />
Range("A1","E7").Value = "Excel VBA"<br />
Range("A1:E7").Value= "Excel VBA"<br />
Range(Cells(1,1),Cells(7,5)).Value = "Excel VBA"<br />
Range(Cells(2,2),Cells(5, 5)).EntireRow.Value = "Excel VBA"<br />
Range("B2:E5").EntireRow.Value = "Excel VBA"<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(2,2),Cells(5, 5)) _<br />
.EntireRow.Value="Excel VBA"<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B2:E5").EntireRow.Value="Excel VBA"<br />
Range(Cells(2,2),Cells(5, 5)).EntireColumn.Value = "Excel VBA"<br />
Range("B2:E5").EntireColumn.Value="Excel VBA"<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(2,2),Cells(5, 5)) _<br />
.EntireColumn.Value="Excel VBA"<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B2:E5") .EntireColumn.Value="Excel VBA"<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).Delete<br />
Range("B1:D4").Delete<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,5)).Delete<br />
<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D4").Delete Shift := xlShiftUp <br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,5)) _<br />
.Delete Shift:=xlShiftToLeft<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).EntireRow.Delete<br />
Range("B1:D5").EntireRow.Delete<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)) _<br />
.EntireRow.Delete<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D3").EntireRow.Delete<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).EntireColumn.Delete<br />
Range("B1:D3").EntireColumn.Delete<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)) _<br />
.EntireColumn.Delete<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D3").EntireColumn.Delete<br />
--------<br />
Clear: 全てクリア<br />
ClearContents: 数式、文字列をクリア<br />
ClearFormats: 書式をクリア<br />
ClearComments: コメント文をクリア<br />
ClearOutline: アウトラインをクリア<br />
------<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).Clear<br />
Range("B1:D3").ClearContents<br />
Cells.Clear<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).Clear<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D3").ClearFormats<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Cells.ClearComments<br />
-------<br />
'アクティブなシートのセルB1~D3の範囲の挿入(行数=列数なので下方向にシフト)<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).Insert<br />
-------<br />
'アクティブなシートのセルB1~D3の範囲の挿入(行数>列数なので右方向にシフト)<br />
Range("B1:D4").Insert<br />
----------<br />
'Sheet1のセルB1~D3の範囲の挿入(行数<列数なので下方向にシフト)<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,5))<br />
--------<br />
'Sheet1のセルB1~D3の範囲の挿入(行数>列数なので右方向にシフト)<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D4").Insert<br />
-------<br />
'アクティブなシートの1~3行目を挿入後、下方向にシフト<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).EntireRow.Insert<br />
-------<br />
'アクティブなシートの1~3行目を挿入後、下方向にシフト<br />
Range("B1:D5").EntireRow.Insert<br />
------<br />
'Sheet1の1~3行目を挿入後、下方向にシフト<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).EntireRow.Insert<br />
---------<br />
'Sheet1の1~3行目を挿入後、下方向にシフト<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D3").EntireRow.Insert<br />
--------<br />
'アクティブなシートの1~3列目を挿入後、右方向にシフト<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).EntireColumn.Insert<br />
-------<br />
'アクティブなシートの1~3列目を挿入後、右方向にシフト<br />
Range("B1:D3").EntireColumn.Insert<br />
--------<br />
'アクティブなシートの1~3列目を挿入後、右方向にシフト<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)) _<br />
.EntireColumn.Insert<br />
-------<br />
'アクティブなシートの1~3列目を挿入後、右方向にシフト<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D3").EntireColumn.Insert<br />
--------<br />
'セルB1~D3の範囲をコピー貼り付け<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).Copy Destination:=Cells(5,6)<br />
-------<br />
Range("B1:D3").Copy Destination:=Range("F5")<br />
------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)) _<br />
.Copy Destination:=Worksheets("Sheet1").Cells(5,6) <br />
------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D3") _<br />
.Copy Destination:=Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("F5") <br />
-----<br />
'セルB1~D3の範囲を切り取り貼り付け<br />
Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)).Cut Destination:=Cells(5,6)<br />
------<br />
Range("B1:D3").Cut Destination:=Range("F5")<br />
------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range(Cells(1,2),Cells(3,4)) _<br />
.Cut Destination:=Worksheets("Sheet1").Cells(5,6) <br />
------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1:D3") _<br />
.Cut Destination:=Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("F5") <br />
--------<br />
For Counter = 1 To 20 <br />
Set curCell = Worksheets("Sheet1").Cells(Counter, 3) <br />
If Abs(curCell.Value) < 0.01 Then curCell.Value = 0 <br />
Next Counter <br />
--------<br />
For Each c In Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:D10").Cells <br />
If Abs(c.Value) < 0.01 Then c.Value = 0 <br />
Next <br />
---------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("D6").Formula = "=SUM(D2:D5)" <br />
------<br />
Sheets("Sheet1").Select <br />
Range("A1").Select <br />
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = "Name" <br />
Range("B1").Select <br />
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = "Address" <br />
Range("A1:B1").Select <br />
Selection.Font.Bold = True <br />
---------<br />
With Worksheets("Sheet1") <br />
.Range("A1") = "Name" <br />
.Range("B1") = "Address" <br />
.Range("A1:B1").Font.Bold = True <br />
End With <br />
--------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Rows(1).Copy <br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Select <br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Rows(1).Select <br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Paste <br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate <br />
Range("A1:D4").Select <br />
Range("B2").Activate <br />
------------<br />
Sheets(Array("Sheet2", "Sheet3", "Sheet5")).Select <br />
Range("A1:H1").Select <br />
Selection.Borders(xlBottom).LineStyle = xlDouble <br />
---------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1:H1").Borders(xlBottom).LineStyle = xlDouble<br />
Worksheets.FillAcrossSheets (Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1:H1"))<br />
-----<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate <br />
ActiveCell.Value = 35 <br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate <br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B5").Activate <br />
ActiveCell.Font.Bold = True <br />
--------<br />
temp = Application.Workbooks("Book1").Worksheets("Sheet1"). Range("A1").Value<br />
---------<br />
You can refer to a member of the collection, for example, a single Worksheet object, in three ways.<br />
1. Using the worksheet name.<br />
Worksheets("Sales").Range("A1").Value = "Hello"<br />
2. Using the index number (1 is the first worksheet starting from the left).<br />
Worksheets(1).Range("A1").Value = "Hello"<br />
3. Using the CodeName.<br />
Sheet1.Range("A1").Value = "Hello"<br />
To see the CodeName of a worksheet, open the Visual Basic Editor. In the Project Explorer, the first name is the CodeName. The second name is the worksheet name (Sales).<br />
Note: the CodeName remains the same if you change the worksheet name or the order of your worksheets so this is the safest way to reference a worksheet. Click View, Properties Window to change the CodeName of a worksheet. There is one disadvantage, you cannot use the CodeName if you reference a worksheet in a different workbook.<br />
--------<br />
1. The Add method of the Workbooks collection creates a new workbook.<br />
Workbooks.Add<br />
Note: the Add method of the Worksheets collection creates a new worksheet.<br />
2. The Count property of the Worksheets collection counts the number of worksheets in a workbook.<br />
MsgBox Worksheets.Count<br />
Note: the Count property of the Workbooks collection counts the number of active workbooks.<br />
-------<br />
Range("B3").Value = 2<br />
Range("A1:A4").Value = 5<br />
Range("A1:A2,B3:C4").Value = 10<br />
-----<br />
Cells(3, 2).Value = 2<br />
Range(Cells(1, 1), Cells(4, 1)).Value = 5<br />
--------<br />
Dim a As Range<br />
Set a = Range("A1:C4")<br />
a.Value = 8<br />
a.Select<br />
a.Rows(3).Select<br />
a.Columns(2).Select<br />
MsgBox a.Count<br />
MsgBox a.Rows.Count<br />
---------<br />
Range("A1:A2").Select<br />
Selection.Copy<br />
Range("C3").Select<br />
ActiveSheet.Paste<br />
------<br />
Range("C3:C4").Value = Range("A1:A2").Value<br />
Clear<br />
-----<br />
Range("A1").ClearContents<br />
Range("A1").Value = ""<br />
---------<br />
Range("A3").Value = "=AVERAGE(A1:A2)"<br />
--------<br />
Sometimes you may find it useful to disable screen updating (to avoid flickering) while executing code. As a result, your code will run faster.<br />
Dim i As Integer<br />
Application.ScreenUpdating = False<br />
For i = 1 To 10000<br />
Range("A1").Value = i<br />
Next i<br />
Application.ScreenUpdating = True<br />
---------<br />
To instruct Excel VBA not to display this alert while executing code, update the code as follows.<br />
Application.DisplayAlerts = False<br />
ActiveWorkbook.Close<br />
Application.DisplayAlerts = True<br />
As a result, Excel VBA closes your Excel file, without asking you to save the changes you made. Any changes are lost.<br />
---------<br />
By default, calculation is set to automatic. As a result, Excel recalculates the workbook automatically each time a value affecting a formula changes. If your workbook contains many complex formulas, you can speed up your macro by setting calculation to manual.<br />
1. For example, place a command button on your worksheet and add the following code line:<br />
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationManual<br />
2. You can verify this by clicking on File, Options, Formulas.<br />
3. Now when you change the value of cell A1, the value of cell B1 is not recalculated.<br />
4. In most situations, you will set calculation to automatic again at the end of your code. Simply add the following code line to achieve this.<br />
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationAutomatic<br />
---------<br />
Create ActiveX controls such as command buttons, text boxes, list boxes etc. <br />
1. On the Developer tab, click Insert.<br />
2. For example, in the ActiveX Controls group, click Command Button to insert a command button control.<br />
3. Drag a command button on your worksheet.<br />
4. Right click the command button (make sure Design Mode is selected).<br />
5. Click View Code.<br />
6. Add the code line shown below between Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() and End Sub.<br />
7. Select the range B2:B4 and click the command button (make sure Design Mode is deselected).<br />
-------<br />
To add the controls to the Userform, execute the following steps.<br />
1. Open the Visual Basic Editor. If the Project Explorer is not visible, click View, Project Explorer.<br />
2. Click Insert, Userform. If the Toolbox does not appear automatically, click View, Toolbox. <br />
3. Add the controls listed in the table below. <br />
For example, create a text box control by clicking on TextBox from the Toolbox. Next, you can drag a text box on the Userform. When you arrive at the Car frame, remember to draw this frame first before you place the two option buttons in it.<br />
4. Change the names and captions of the controls according to the table below. Names are used in the Excel VBA code. Captions are those that appear on your screen. It is good practice to change the names of controls. This will make your code easier to read. To change the names and captions of the controls, click View, Properties Window and click on each control.<br />
Note: a combo box is a drop-down list from where a user can select an item or fill in his/her own choice. Only one of the option buttons can be selected.<br />
To show the Userform, place a command button on your worksheet and add the following code line:<br />
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()<br />
DinnerPlannerUserForm.Show<br />
End Sub<br />
----------<br />
1. Open the Visual Basic Editor.<br />
2. In the Project Explorer, right click on DinnerPlannerUserForm and then click View Code.<br />
3. Choose Userform from the left drop-down list. Choose Initialize from the right drop-down list.<br />
4. Add the following code lines:<br />
Private Sub UserForm_Initialize()<br />
'Empty NameTextBox<br />
NameTextBox.Value = ""<br />
'Empty PhoneTextBox<br />
PhoneTextBox.Value = ""<br />
'Empty CityListBox<br />
CityListBox.Clear<br />
'Fill CityListBox<br />
With CityListBox<br />
.AddItem "San Francisco"<br />
.AddItem "Oakland"<br />
.AddItem "Richmond"<br />
End With<br />
'Empty DinnerComboBox<br />
DinnerComboBox.Clear<br />
'Fill DinnerComboBox<br />
With DinnerComboBox<br />
.AddItem "Italian"<br />
.AddItem "Chinese"<br />
.AddItem "Frites and Meat"<br />
End With<br />
'Uncheck DataCheckBoxes<br />
DateCheckBox1.Value = False<br />
DateCheckBox2.Value = False<br />
DateCheckBox3.Value = False<br />
'Set no car as default<br />
CarOptionButton2.Value = True<br />
'Empty MoneyTextBox<br />
MoneyTextBox.Value = ""<br />
'Set Focus on NameTextBox<br />
NameTextBox.SetFocus<br />
End Sub<br />
Explanation: text boxes are emptied, list boxes and combo boxes are filled, check boxes are unchecked, etc.<br />
----------<br />
Assign the Macros<br />
We have now created the first part of the Userform. Although it looks neat already, nothing will happen yet when we click the command buttons on the Userform.<br />
<br />
1. Open the Visual Basic Editor.<br />
2. In the Project Explorer, double click on DinnerPlannerUserForm.<br />
3. Double click on the Money spin button.<br />
4. Add the following code line:<br />
Private Sub MoneySpinButton_Change()<br />
MoneyTextBox.Text = MoneySpinButton.Value<br />
End Sub<br />
Explanation: this code line updates the text box when you use the spin button.<br />
5. Double click on the OK button.<br />
6. Add the following code lines:<br />
Private Sub OKButton_Click()<br />
Dim emptyRow As Long<br />
'Make Sheet1 active<br />
Sheet1.Activate<br />
'Determine emptyRow<br />
emptyRow = WorksheetFunction.CountA(Range("A:A")) + 1<br />
'Transfer information<br />
Cells(emptyRow, 1).Value = NameTextBox.Value<br />
Cells(emptyRow, 2).Value = PhoneTextBox.Value<br />
Cells(emptyRow, 3).Value = CityListBox.Value<br />
Cells(emptyRow, 4).Value = DinnerComboBox.Value<br />
If DateCheckBox1.Value = True Then Cells(emptyRow, 5).Value = DateCheckBox1.Caption<br />
If DateCheckBox2.Value = True Then Cells(emptyRow, 5).Value = Cells(emptyRow, 5).Value & " " & DateCheckBox2.Caption<br />
If DateCheckBox3.Value = True Then Cells(emptyRow, 5).Value = Cells(emptyRow, 5).Value & " " & DateCheckBox3.Caption<br />
If CarOptionButton1.Value = True Then<br />
Cells(emptyRow, 6).Value = "Yes"<br />
Else<br />
Cells(emptyRow, 6).Value = "No"<br />
End If<br />
Cells(emptyRow, 7).Value = MoneyTextBox.Value<br />
End Sub<br />
Explanation: first, we activate Sheet1. Next, we determine emptyRow. The variable emptyRow is the first empty row and increases every time a record is added. Finally, we transfer the information from the Userform to the specific columns of emptyRow.<br />
7. Double click on the Clear button.<br />
8. Add the following code line:<br />
Private Sub ClearButton_Click()<br />
Call UserForm_Initialize<br />
End Sub<br />
Explanation: this code line calls the Sub UserForm_Initialize when you click on the Clear button.<br />
9. Double click on the Cancel Button.<br />
10. Add the following code line:<br />
Private Sub CancelButton_Click()<br />
Unload Me<br />
End Sub<br />
Explanation: this code line closes the Userform when you click on the Cancel button.<br />
--------<br />
Test the Userform<br />
Exit the Visual Basic Editor, enter the labels shown below into row 1 and test the Userform.<br />
--------<br />
Also, as a security measure, you cannot save a macro in the default Excel file format (.xlsx); instead, you must save the macro in a file with a special extension, .xlsm.<br />
----------<br />
Dim a As String<br />
a = "Ask Your Question Here, OK?"<br />
Dim b As String<br />
b = "My Title"<br />
Dim c As Integer<br />
c = MsgBox(a, vbYesNo, b)<br />
If c = vbNo Then<br />
MsgBox "NO!"<br />
Else<br />
MsgBox "Yes!"<br />
End If<br />
------------<br />
For Each a In Worksheets<br />
a.Name = a.Name & "-changed"<br />
Next<br />
<br />
----------<br />
Worksheet Class<br />
<br />
The Microsoft.Office.Tools.Excel.Worksheet host item is a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Worksheet object that exposes events and acts as a container for controls.<br />
Application: This property gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Application that represents the Microsoft Office Excel application. <br />
AutoFilter: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.AutoFilter if filtering is on. Gets a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic) if filtering is off. <br />
AutoFilterMode: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the AutoFilter drop-down arrows are currently displayed on the sheet. <br />
-------<br />
Cells: Gets a Range object that represents all the cells on the worksheet (not just the cells that are currently in use).<br />
Rows: Gets a Range object that represents all the rows on the worksheet. <br />
Columns: Gets a Range object that represents all the columns on the worksheet.<br />
Comments: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Comments collection that represents all the comments for the worksheet.<br />
Names: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Names collection that represents all the worksheet-specific names (names defined with the "WorksheetName!" prefix).<br />
Shapes: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Shapes object that represents all the shapes on the worksheet. <br />
-------<br />
CircularReference: Gets a Range object that represents the range containing the first circular reference on the sheet, or gets a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic) if there is no circular reference on the sheet. <br />
ConsolidationFunction: Gets the function code used for the current consolidation. <br />
ConsolidationOptions: Gets a three-element Array of consolidation options. <br />
ConsolidationSources: Gets an Array of strings that name the source sheets and ranges for the worksheet's current consolidation.<br />
Controls: Gets the collection of controls contained within the worksheet.<br />
Creator: Gets a value that indicates the application in which the worksheet was created.<br />
CustomProperties: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.CustomProperties object representing the identifier information associated with a worksheet.<br />
DisplayPageBreaks: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether page breaks (both automatic and manual) on the worksheet are displayed. <br />
DisplayRightToLeft: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the worksheet is displayed from right to left instead of from left to right. <br />
EnableAutoFilter: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether AutoFilter arrows are enabled when user-interface-only protection is turned on. <br />
EnableCalculation: Gets or set a value that indicates whether Microsoft Office Excel automatically recalculates the worksheet when necessary. <br />
EnableOutlining: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether outlining symbols are enabled when user-interface-only protection is turned on. <br />
EnablePivotTable: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether PivotTable controls and actions are enabled when user-interface-only protection is turned on. <br />
EnableSelection: Gets or sets a value indicating which cells can be selected on the sheet. <br />
FilterMode: Gets a value that indicates whether the worksheet is in filter mode. <br />
---------<br />
HPageBreaks: Gets an Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.HPageBreaks collection that represents the horizontal page breaks on the sheet. <br />
VPageBreaks: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.VPageBreaks collection that represents the vertical page breaks on the sheet. <br />
------<br />
Hyperlinks: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Hyperlinks collection that represents the hyperlinks for the range or worksheet. <br />
Index: Gets the index number of the worksheet within the collection of worksheets. <br />
InnerObject: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Worksheet that represents the underlying native object for the Worksheet. <br />
ListObjects: Gets a collection of Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.ListObject objects in the worksheet. <br />
MailEnvelope: Gets an e-mail header for the worksheet. <br />
Name: Gets or sets the name of the worksheet. <br />
--------<br />
Previous: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Worksheet that represents the previous sheet. <br />
Next: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Worksheet that represents the next sheet. <br />
--------<br />
Outline: Gets an Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Outline that represents the outline for the worksheet. <br />
PageSetup: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.PageSetup that contains all the page setup settings for the worksheet. <br />
Parent: Gets the parent object for the worksheet. <br />
ProtectContents: Gets a value that indicates whether the contents of the worksheet (the individual cells) are protected. <br />
ProtectDrawingObjects: Gets a value that indicates whether shapes are protected. <br />
Protection: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Protection object that represents the protection options of the worksheet. <br />
ProtectionMode: Gets a value that indicates whether user interface-only protection is turned on. <br />
ProtectScenarios: Gets a value that indicates whether worksheet scenarios are protected. <br />
QueryTables: Gets the Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.QueryTables collection that represents all the query tables on the worksheet. <br />
Range: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Range object that represents a cell or a range of cells. <br />
Scripts: Gets the Microsoft.Office.Core.Scripts collection, which contains Script objects representing blocks of script or code in the worksheet when it is saved as a Web page. <br />
ScrollArea: Gets or sets the range where scrolling is allowed, as an A1-style range reference. <br />
SmartTags: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.SmartTags object representing the collection of smart tags for the worksheet. <br />
------<br />
StandardHeight: Gets the standard (default) height of all the rows in the worksheet, in points. <br />
StandardWidth: Gets or sets the standard (default) width of all the columns in the worksheet. <br />
------<br />
Tab: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Tab for the worksheet. <br />
Tag: Gets or sets the object that contains data about the worksheet. <br />
TransitionExpEval: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether Microsoft Office Excel uses Lotus 1-2-3 expression evaluation rules for the worksheet. <br />
TransitionFormEntry: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether Microsoft Office Excel uses Lotus 1-2-3 formula entry rules for the worksheet. <br />
Type: Gets the worksheet type. <br />
UsedRange: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Range object that represents the used range on the worksheet. <br />
Visible: Gets or sets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.XlSheetVisibility value that determines whether the object is visible. <br />
------<br />
Activate: Makes the current sheet the active sheet. <br />
Select: Selects the worksheet. <br />
------<br />
CalculateMethod: Calculates the formulas in the worksheet. <br />
ChartObjects: Gets an object that represents either a single embedded chart (a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.ChartObject) or a collection of all the embedded charts (a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.ChartObjects) on the worksheet. <br />
CheckSpelling: Checks the spelling in a worksheet. <br />
CircleInvalid: Circles invalid entries on the worksheet. <br />
ClearArrows: Clears the tracer arrows from the worksheet. Tracer arrows are added by using the auditing feature. <br />
ClearCircles: Clears circles from invalid entries on the worksheet. <br />
-------<br />
Copy: Copies the worksheet to another location in the workbook.<br />
Delete: Deletes the underlying Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Worksheet object, but does not delete the host item. It is highly recommended that this method not be used.<br />
Move: Moves the worksheet to another location in the workbook.<br />
-------<br />
Dispose: Overloaded. Releases the unmanaged resources used by the Worksheet and optionally releases the managed resources. <br />
Evaluate: Converts a Microsoft Office Excel name to an object or a value. <br />
OLEObjects: Gets an object that represents either a single OLE object (an Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.OLEObject) or a collection of all OLE objects (an Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.OLEObjects collection) on the worksheet. <br />
Paste: Pastes the contents of the Clipboard onto the worksheet. <br />
PasteSpecial: Pastes the contents of the Clipboard onto the worksheet, using a specified format. Use this method to paste data from other applications or to paste data in a specific format. <br />
PivotTables: Gets an object that represents either a single PivotTable report (a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.PivotTable object) or a collection of all the PivotTable reports (a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.PivotTables object) on a worksheet. <br />
PivotTableWizard: Creates a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.PivotTable object. <br />
PrintOut: Prints the worksheet. <br />
PrintPreview: Shows a preview of the worksheet as it would look when printed. <br />
ResetAllPageBreaks: Resets all page breaks on the specified worksheet. <br />
SaveAs: Saves changes to the worksheet in a different file. <br />
Scenarios: Gets an object that represents either a single scenario (a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Scenario object) or a collection of scenarios (a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Scenarios object) on the worksheet. <br />
SetBackgroundPicture: Sets the background graphic for the worksheet. <br />
ShowAllData: Makes all rows of the currently filtered list visible. If AutoFilter is in use, this method changes the arrows to "All." <br />
ShowDataForm: Displays the data form associated with the worksheet. <br />
-------<br />
Protect: Protects a worksheet so that it cannot be modified. <br />
Unprotect: Removes protection from the worksheet. This method has no effect if the worksheet is not protected. <br />
-----<br />
XmlDataQuery: Gets a Range object that represents the cells mapped to a particular XPath. Gets a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic) if the specified XPath has not been mapped to the worksheet, or if the mapped range is empty. <br />
XmlMapQuery: Gets a Range object that represents the cells mapped to a particular XPath. Gets a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic) if the specified XPath has not been mapped to the worksheet. <br />
Dispose: Overloaded. Overridden. Releases the unmanaged resources used by the Worksheet and optionally releases the managed resources. <br />
<br />
ActivateEvent: Occurs when the worksheet is activated. <br />
BeforeDoubleClick: Occurs when the worksheet is double-clicked, before the default double-click action. <br />
BeforeRightClick: Occurs when the worksheet is right-clicked, before the default right-click action. <br />
Calculate: Occurs after the worksheet is recalculated. <br />
Change: Occurs when something changes in the Worksheet cells. <br />
Deactivate: Occurs when the worksheet loses focus. <br />
FollowHyperlink: Occurs when you click any hyperlink on a worksheet. <br />
PivotTableUpdate: Occurs after a PivotTable report is updated on a worksheet. <br />
SelectionChange: Occurs when the selection changes on a worksheet. <br />
Shutdown: Occurs when the application domain for the assembly is about to unload. <br />
Startup: Occurs after the worksheet is running and all the initialization code in the assembly has been run. <br />
<br />
-----------<br />
Workbook Members<br />
Represents a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Workbook object that exposes events and acts as a container for components.<br />
<br />
AcceptLabelsInFormulas: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether labels can be used in worksheet formulas. <br />
-------<br />
ActiveChart: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Chart object that represents the active chart (either an embedded chart or a chart sheet). An embedded chart is considered active when it is either selected or activated. When no chart is active, this property returns a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic). <br />
ActiveSheet: Gets the active sheet (the sheet on top). <br />
------<br />
Application: Gets an Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Application that represents the creator of the workbook. <br />
Author: Gets or sets the author of the workbook. <br />
AutoUpdateFrequency: Gets or sets the number of minutes between automatic updates to the shared workbook. <br />
AutoUpdateSaveChanges: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether current changes to the shared workbook are posted to other users whenever the workbook is automatically updated. <br />
BuiltinDocumentProperties: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Core.DocumentProperties collection that represents all the built-in document properties for the workbook. <br />
CalculationVersion: Gets a number that indicates the version of Excel that the workbook was last fully recalculated by. The rightmost four digits are the minor calculation engine version number, and the other digits (on the left) are the major version of Microsoft Office Excel. <br />
ChangeHistoryDuration: Gets or sets the number of days shown in the shared workbook's change history. <br />
---------<br />
Windows: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Windows collection that represents all the windows in the workbook. <br />
Sheets: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Sheets collection that represents all the sheets in the workbook. <br />
Worksheets: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Sheets collection that represents all the worksheets in the workbook. <br />
Charts: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Sheets collection that represents all the chart sheets in the workbook. <br />
-------<br />
Colors: Gets or sets colors in the palette for the workbook. <br />
CommandBars: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Core.CommandBars object that represents the Microsoft Office Excel command bars. <br />
Comments: Gets or sets the comments attached to the workbook. <br />
ConflictResolution: Gets or sets the way conflicts are to be resolved whenever a shared workbook is updated. <br />
Container: Gets the object that represents the container application for the workbook. <br />
CreateBackup: Gets a value that indicates whether a backup file is created when this file is saved. <br />
Creator: Gets the application in which the workbook was created. <br />
CustomDocumentProperties: Gets a DocumentProperties collection that represents all the custom document properties for the workbook. <br />
CustomViews: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.CustomViews collection that represents all the custom views for the workbook. <br />
Date1904: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the workbook uses the 1904 date system. <br />
DisplayDrawingObjects: Gets or sets how shapes are displayed. <br />
DisplayInkComments: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether ink comments are displayed in the workbook. <br />
DocumentLibraryVersions: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Core.DocumentLibraryVersions collection that represents the collection of versions of a shared workbook that has versioning enabled and that is stored in a document library on a server. <br />
EnableAutoRecover: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether Microsoft Office Excel saves changed files, of all formats, on a timed interval. <br />
EnvelopeVisible: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the e-mail composition header and the envelope toolbar are both visible. <br />
Excel4IntlMacroSheets: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Sheets collection that represents all the Microsoft Office Excel 4.0 international macro sheets in the workbook. <br />
Excel4MacroSheets: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Sheets collection that represents all the Microsoft Office Excel 4.0 macro sheets in the workbook. <br />
FileFormat: Gets the file format and type of the workbook. <br />
-----------<br />
HasPassword: Gets a value that indicates whether the workbook has a protection password. <br />
Password: Gets or sets the password that must be supplied to open the workbook. <br />
PasswordEncryptionAlgorithm: Gets the algorithm that Microsoft Office Excel uses to encrypt passwords for the workbook. <br />
PasswordEncryptionFileProperties: Gets a value that indicates whether Microsoft Office Excel encrypts file properties for the specified password-protected workbook.<br />
PasswordEncryptionKeyLength: Gets the key length of the algorithm that Microsoft Office Excel uses when encrypting passwords for the workbook.<br />
PasswordEncryptionProvider: Gets the name of the algorithm encryption provider that Microsoft Office Excel uses when encrypting passwords for the workbook.<br />
WritePassword: Gets or sets the write password of a workbook. <br />
------------<br />
HasRoutingSlip: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the workbook has a routing slip. <br />
HighlightChangesOnScreen: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether changes to the shared workbook are highlighted on screen. <br />
HTMLProject: Gets the Microsoft.Office.Core.HTMLProject in the workbook, which represents a top-level project branch. <br />
InactiveListBorderVisible: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether list borders are visible when a list is not active. <br />
InnerObject: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Workbook that represents the underlying native object for the Workbook. <br />
IsAddin: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the workbook is running as an add-in. <br />
IsInplace: Gets a value that indicates whether the specified workbook is being edited in place. <br />
KeepChangeHistory: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether change tracking is enabled for the shared workbook. <br />
Keywords: Gets or sets the keywords attached to the workbook. <br />
ListChangesOnNewSheet: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether changes to the shared workbook are shown on a separate worksheet. <br />
MultiUserEditing: Gets a value that indicates whether the workbook is open as a shared list. <br />
--------<br />
Name: Gets the name of the workbook. <br />
FullName: Gets the name of the object, including its path on disk. <br />
FullNameURLEncoded: Gets the name of the object, including its path on disk. <br />
----------<br />
Names: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Names collection that represents all the names in the workbook (including all worksheet-specific names). <br />
Parent: Gets the parent object for the workbook. <br />
Path: Gets the complete path to the application, excluding the final separator and name of the application. <br />
Permission: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Core.Permission object that represents the permission settings in the workbook. <br />
PersonalViewListSettings: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether filter and sort settings for lists are included in the user's personal view of the shared workbook. <br />
PersonalViewPrintSettings: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether print settings are included in the user's personal view of the shared workbook. <br />
PrecisionAsDisplayed: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether calculations in this workbook will be done using only the precision of the numbers as they are displayed. <br />
ProtectStructure: Gets a value that indicates whether the order of the sheets in the workbook is protected. <br />
ProtectWindows: Gets a value that indicates whether the windows of the workbook are protected. <br />
PublishObjects: Gets the Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.PublishObjects collection. <br />
ReadOnly: Gets a value that indicates whether the workbook has been opened as read-only. <br />
ReadOnlyRecommended: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the workbook was saved as read-only recommended. <br />
RemovePersonalInformation: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether personal information can be removed from the workbook. <br />
RevisionNumber: Gets the number of times the workbook has been saved while open as a shared list. If the workbook is open in exclusive mode, this property returns 0 (zero). <br />
Routed: Gets a value that indicates whether the workbook has been routed to the next recipient. <br />
RoutingSlip: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.RoutingSlip object that represents the routing slip for the workbook. <br />
Saved: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether no changes have been made to the workbook since it was last saved. <br />
SaveLinkValues: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether Microsoft Office Excel saves external link values with the workbook. <br />
SharedWorkspace: Gets a SharedWorkspace that represents the Document Workspace in which the workbook is located. <br />
ShowConflictHistory: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the Conflict History worksheet is visible in the workbook that is open as a shared list. <br />
ShowPivotTableFieldList: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the PivotTable field list can be shown. <br />
SmartDocument: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Core.SmartDocument that represents the settings for a smart document solution. <br />
SmartTagOptions: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.SmartTagOptions object representing the options that can be performed with a smart tag. <br />
Styles: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Styles collection that represents all the styles in the workbook. <br />
Subject: Gets or sets the subject for the mailer or routing slip. <br />
Sync: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Core.Sync object that provides access to the methods and properties of documents that are part of a Document Workspace. <br />
Tag: Gets or sets the object that contains data about the workbook. <br />
TemplateRemoveExtData: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether external data references are removed when the workbook is saved as a template. <br />
Title: Gets or sets the title of the Web page when the workbook is saved as a Web page. <br />
UpdateLinks: Gets or sets a value that indicates a workbook's setting for updating embedded OLE links. <br />
UpdateRemoteReferences: Gets or sets a value that indicates whether Microsoft Office Excel updates remote references in the workbook. <br />
UserStatus: Gets a 1-based, two-dimensional array that provides information about each user who has the workbook open as a shared list. <br />
VBASigned: Gets a value that indicates whether the Visual Basic for Applications project for the workbook has been digitally signed. <br />
VBProject: Gets the virtual Microsoft.Vbe.Interop.VBProject project that is in the workbook. <br />
VstoSmartTags: Gets the Microsoft.Office.Tools.SmartTagCollection associated with the workbook. <br />
WebOptions: Gets the Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.WebOptions collection, which contains workbook-level attributes used by Microsoft Office Excel when you save a document as a Web page or open a Web page. <br />
WriteReserved: Gets a value that indicates whether the workbook is write-reserved. <br />
WriteReservedBy: Gets the name of the user who currently has write permission for the workbook. <br />
XmlMaps: Gets an Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.XmlMaps collection that represents the schema maps that have been added to the workbook. <br />
XmlNamespaces: Gets an Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.XmlNamespaces collection that represents the XML namespaces contained in the workbook. <br />
<br />
-----------<br />
Activate: Activates the first window associated with the workbook. <br />
NewWindow: Creates a new window. <br />
Close: Closes the workbook. <br />
<br />
AcceptAllChanges: Accepts all changes in the shared workbook. <br />
RejectAllChanges: Rejects all changes in the shared workbook. <br />
<br />
AddToFavorites: Adds a shortcut to the workbook to the Favorites folder. <br />
BreakLink: Converts formulas linked to other Microsoft Office Excel sources or OLE sources to values. <br />
CanCheckIn: Gets a value that indicates whether Microsoft Office Excel can check in the workbook to a server. <br />
ChangeFileAccess: Changes the access permissions for the workbook. This might require an updated version to be loaded from the disk. <br />
ChangeLink: Changes a link from one document to another. <br />
CheckIn: Gets a workbook from a local computer to a server, and sets the local workbook to read-only so that it cannot be edited locally. Calling this method closes the workbook. <br />
DeleteNumberFormat: Deletes a custom number format from the workbook. <br />
Dispose: Overloaded. Releases the unmanaged resources used by the Workbook and optionally releases the managed resources. <br />
EndReview: Terminates a review of a file that has been sent for review using the SendForReview method. <br />
ExclusiveAccess: Assigns the current user exclusive access to the workbook that is open as a shared list. <br />
FollowHyperlink: Displays a cached document, if it has already been downloaded. Otherwise, this method resolves the hyperlink, downloads the target document, and displays the document in the appropriate application. <br />
HighlightChangesOptions: Controls how changes are shown in a shared workbook. <br />
LinkInfo: Gets the link date and update status. <br />
LinkSources: Returns an Array of links in the workbook. <br />
MergeWorkbook: Merges changes from one workbook into an open shared workbook. <br />
OpenLinks: Opens the supporting documents for a link or links. <br />
PivotCaches: Gets a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.PivotCaches collection that represents all the PivotTable caches in the specified workbook. <br />
PivotTableWizard: Creates a Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.PivotTable object. <br />
Post: Posts the workbook to a public folder. This method works only with a Microsoft Exchange client connected to a Microsoft Exchange server. <br />
PrintOut: Prints the workbook. <br />
PrintPreview: Shows a preview of the object as it would look when printed. <br />
<br />
Protect: Protects a workbook so that it cannot be modified. <br />
Unprotect: Removes protection from the workbook. This method has no effect if the workbook is not protected. <br />
ProtectSharing: Saves the workbook and protects it for sharing. <br />
UnprotectSharing: Turns off protection for sharing and saves the workbook. <br />
<br />
PurgeChangeHistoryNow: Removes entries from the change log for the workbook. <br />
RecheckSmartTags: Causes a foreground smart tag check to occur automatically annotating data that was not annotated before. <br />
ReferenceEquals : (Inherited from Object.)<br />
RefreshAll: Refreshes all external data ranges and PivotTable reports in the workbook. <br />
ReloadAs: Reloads a workbook based on an HTML document, using the specified document encoding. <br />
RemoveCustomization: Removes the Visual Studio Tools for Office customization from the workbook. <br />
RemoveUser: Disconnects the specified user from the shared workbook. <br />
<br />
ReplyWithChanges: Sends an e-mail message to the author of a workbook that has been sent out for review, notifying him or her that a reviewer has completed review of the workbook. <br />
SendForReview: Sends a workbook in an e-mail message for review to the specified recipients. <br />
SendMail: Sends the workbook by using the installed mail system. <br />
<br />
ResetColors: Resets the color palette to the default colors. <br />
Route: Routes the workbook, using the workbook's current routing slip. <br />
RunAutoMacros: Runs the Auto_Open, Auto_Close, Auto_Activate, or Auto_Deactivate macro attached to the workbook. This method is included for backward compatibility. You should use the Open, Close, Activate and Deactivate events instead of these macros. <br />
Save: Saves changes to the workbook. <br />
SaveAs: Saves changes to the workbook in a different file. <br />
SaveAsXMLData: Exports the data that has been mapped to the specified XML schema map to an XML data file. <br />
SaveCopyAs: Saves a copy of the workbook to a file but does not modify the open workbook in memory. <br />
SendFaxOverInternet: Sends the active sheet in the workbook as a fax to the specified recipients. <br />
SetLinkOnData: Sets the name of a procedure that runs whenever a DDE link is updated. <br />
SetPasswordEncryptionOptions: Sets the options for encrypting the workbook using a password. <br />
ToggleFormsDesign: Toggles Microsoft Office Excel into and out of design mode. <br />
UpdateFromFile: Updates a read-only workbook from the saved disk version of the workbook if the disk version is more recent than the copy of the workbook that is loaded in memory. If the disk copy has not changed since the workbook was loaded, the in-memory copy of the workbook is not reloaded. <br />
UpdateLink: Updates a Microsoft Office Excel, DDE, or OLE link (or links). <br />
WebPagePreview: Displays a preview of the workbook as it would look if saved as a Web page. <br />
XmlImport: Imports an XML data file into the current workbook. <br />
XmlImportXml: Imports an XML data stream that has been previously loaded into memory. <br />
Dispose: Overloaded. Overridden. Releases the unmanaged resources used by the Workbook and optionally releases the managed resources. <br />
-------<br />
ActivateEvent: Occurs when the workbook is activated. <br />
AddinInstall: Occurs when the workbook is installed as an add-in. <br />
AddinUninstall: Occurs when the workbook is uninstalled as an add-in. <br />
AfterXmlExport: Occurs after Microsoft Office Excel saves or exports data from the workbook to an XML data file. <br />
AfterXmlImport: Occurs after an existing XML data connection is refreshed or after new XML data is imported into the workbook. <br />
BeforeClose: Occurs before the workbook closes. If the workbook has been changed, this event occurs before the user is asked to save changes. <br />
BeforePrint: Occurs before the workbook (or anything in it) is printed. <br />
BeforeSave: Occurs before the workbook is saved. <br />
BeforeXmlExport: Occurs before Microsoft Office Excel saves or exports data from the workbook to an XML data file. <br />
BeforeXmlImport: Occurs before an existing XML data connection is refreshed or before new XML data is imported into the workbook. <br />
Deactivate: Occurs when the workbook is deactivated. <br />
New: Occurs when a new workbook is created. <br />
NewSheet: Occurs when a new sheet is created in the workbook. <br />
Open: Occurs when the workbook is opened. <br />
PivotTableCloseConnection: Occurs after a PivotTable report closes the connection to its data source. <br />
PivotTableOpenConnection: Occurs after a PivotTable report opens the connection to its data source. <br />
SheetActivate: Occurs when any sheet is activated. <br />
SheetBeforeDoubleClick: Occurs when any worksheet is double-clicked, before the default double-click action. <br />
SheetBeforeRightClick: Occurs when any worksheet is right-clicked, before the default right-click action. <br />
SheetCalculate: Occurs after any worksheet is recalculated or after any changed data is plotted on a chart. <br />
SheetChange: Occurs when cells in any worksheet are changed by the user or by an external link. <br />
SheetDeactivate: Occurs when any sheet is deactivated. <br />
SheetFollowHyperlink: Occurs when you click any hyperlink in a workbook. <br />
SheetPivotTableUpdate: Occurs after the sheet of a PivotTable report has been updated. <br />
SheetSelectionChange: Occurs when the selection changes on any worksheet. Does not occur if the selection is on a chart sheet. <br />
Shutdown: Occurs when the application domain for the assembly is about to unload. <br />
Startup: Occurs after the workbook is running and all the initialization code in the assembly has been run. <br />
SyncEvent: Occurs when the local copy of a worksheet that is part of a Document Workspace is synchronized with the copy on the server. <br />
WindowActivate: Occurs when any workbook window is activated. <br />
WindowDeactivate: Occurs when any workbook window is deactivated. <br />
WindowResize: Occurs when any workbook window is resized. <br />
<br />
----------<br />
Dim instance As Range<br />
'Represents a cell, a row, a column, a selection of cells containing one or more contiguous blocks of cells, or a 3-D range.<br />
<br />
AddIndent: Determines if text is automatically indented when the text alignment in a cell is set to equal distribution either horizontally or vertically.<br />
Address: Returns the range reference.<br />
AddressLocal: Returns the range reference for the specified range in the language of the user.<br />
<br />
AllowEdit: Determines if the range can be edited on a protected worksheet.<br />
<br />
Application: Returns an Application object that represents the Microsoft Excel application.<br />
Worksheet: Returns a Worksheet object that represents the worksheet containing the specified range.<br />
<br />
Areas: Returns an Areas collection that represents all the ranges in a multiple-area selection.<br />
Borders: Returns a Borders collection that represents the borders of a style or a range of cells (including a range defined as part of a conditional format).<br />
Cells: Returns a Range object that represents the cells in the specified range.<br />
Characters: Returns a Characters object that represents a range of characters within the object text.<br />
<br />
Row: Returns the number of the first row of the first area in the range.<br />
Column: Returns the number of the first column in the first area in the specified range.<br />
<br />
Rows: Returns a Range object that represents the rows in the specified range.<br />
Columns: Returns a Range object that represents the columns in the specified range.<br />
<br />
RowHeight: Returns the height of all the rows in the range specified, measured in points.<br />
ColumnWidth: Returns or sets the width of all columns in the specified range.<br />
<br />
EntireColumn: Returns a Range object that represents the entire column (or columns) that contains the specified range.<br />
EntireRow: Returns a Range object that represents the entire row (or rows) that contains the specified range.<br />
<br />
Height: The height of the range.<br />
Width: The width, in points, of the range.<br />
<br />
Comment: Returns a Comment object that represents the comment associated with the cell in the upper-left corner of the range.<br />
Count: Returns the number of objects in the collection.<br />
CountLarge: Counts the largest value in a given Range of values. Read-only.<br />
Creator: Returns a 32-bit integer that indicates the application in which this object was created.<br />
CurrentArray: If the specified cell is part of an array, returns a Range object that represents the entire array.<br />
CurrentRegion: Returns a Range object that represents the current region.<br />
Dependents: Returns a Range object that represents the range containing all the dependents of a cell.<br />
DirectDependents: Returns a Range object that represents the range containing all the direct dependents of a cell.<br />
DirectPrecedents: Returns a Range object that represents the range containing all the direct precedents of a cell.<br />
DisplayFormat: Gets a DisplayFormat object that represents the display settings for the specified range.<br />
End: Returns a Range object that represents the cell at the end of the region that contains the source range.<br />
<br />
Errors: Allows the user to access error checking options.<br />
Font: Returns a Font object that represents the font of the specified object.<br />
FormatConditions: Returns a FormatConditions collection that represents all the conditional formats for the specified range.<br />
Formula: Returns or sets the object's formula in A1-style notation and in the language of the macro.<br />
FormulaArray: Returns or sets the array formula of a range.<br />
FormulaHidden: Determines if the formula will be hidden when the worksheet is protected.<br />
FormulaLabel: Returns or sets the formula label type for the specified range.<br />
FormulaLocal: Returns or sets the formula for the object, using A1-style references in the language of the user.<br />
FormulaR1C1: Returns or sets the formula for the object, using R1C1-style notation in the language of the macro.<br />
FormulaR1C1Local: Returns or sets the formula for the object, using R1C1-style notation in the language of the user.<br />
HasArray: Determines if the specified cell is part of an array formula.<br />
HasFormula: Determines if all cells in the range contain formulas.<br />
Hidden: Determines if the rows or columns are hidden.<br />
--------<br />
HorizontalAlignment: Returns or sets the horizontal alignment for the specified object.<br />
VerticalAlignment: Returns or sets the vertical alignment of the specified object.<br />
-------<br />
Hyperlinks: Returns a Hyperlinks collection that represents the hyperlinks for the range.<br />
ID: Returns or sets the identifying label for the specified cell when the page is saved as a Web page.<br />
IndentLevel: Returns or sets the indent level for the cell or range.<br />
Interior: Returns an Interior object that represents the interior of the specified object.<br />
Item: Returns a Range object that represents a range at an offset to the specified range.<br />
-------<br />
Top: Returns the distance, in points, from the top edge of row 1 to the top edge of the range.<br />
Left: The distance from the left edge of column A to the left edge of the range.<br />
---------<br />
ListHeaderRows: Returns the number of header rows for the specified range.<br />
ListObject: Returns a ListObject object for the Range object or QueryTable object.<br />
LocationInTable: Returns a constant that describes the part of the PivotTable report that contains the upper-left corner of the specified range.<br />
Locked: Determines if the object is locked.<br />
MDX: Returns the MDX name for the specified Range object. Read-only.<br />
MergeArea: Returns a Range object that represents the merged range containing the specified cell.<br />
MergeCells: Determines if the range or style contains merged cells.<br />
Name: Returns or sets the name of the object.<br />
----------<br />
Previous: Returns a Range object that represents the previous cell.<br />
Next: Returns a Range object that represents the next cell.<br />
--------<br />
NumberFormat: Returns or sets the format code for the object.<br />
NumberFormatLocal: Returns or sets the format code for the object as a string in the language of the user.<br />
Offset: Returns a Range object that represents a range that’s offset from the specified range.<br />
Orientation: Returns the text orientation.<br />
OutlineLevel: Returns or sets the current outline level of the specified row or column.<br />
PageBreak: Returns or sets the location of a page break.<br />
Parent: Returns the parent object for the specified object.<br />
Phonetic: Returns the Phonetic object which contains information about a specific phonetic text string in a cell.<br />
Phonetics: Returns the Phonetics collection of the range.<br />
PivotCell: Returns a PivotCell object that represents a cell in a PivotTable report.<br />
PivotField: Returns a PivotField object that represents the PivotTable field containing the upper-left corner of the specified range.<br />
PivotItem: Returns a PivotItem object that represents the PivotTable item containing the upper-left corner of the specified range.<br />
PivotTable: Returns a PivotTable object that represents the PivotTable report containing the upper-left corner of the specified range, or the PivotTable report associated with the PivotChart report.<br />
Precedents: Returns a Range object that represents all the precedents of a cell.<br />
PrefixCharacter: Returns the prefix character for the cell.<br />
QueryTable: Returns a QueryTable object that represents the query table that intersects the specified Range object.<br />
Range: Returns a Range object that represents a cell or a range of cells.<br />
ReadingOrder: Returns or sets the reading order for the specified object.<br />
Resize: Resizes the specified range.<br />
ServerActions: Specifies the actions that can be performed on the SharePoint server for a Range object.<br />
ShowDetail: Returns True if the outline is expanded for the specified range (so that the detail of the column or row is visible).<br />
ShrinkToFit: Determines if text automatically shrinks to fit in the available column width.<br />
SmartTags: Returns a SmartTags object representing the identifier for the specified cell.<br />
SoundNote: This property should not be used. Sound notes have been removed from Microsoft Excel.<br />
SparklineGroups: Gets a SparklineGroups object that represents an existing group of sparklines from the specified range.<br />
Style: Returns a Style object that represents the style of the specified range.<br />
Summary: Determines if the range is an outlining summary row or column.<br />
Text: Returns or sets the text for the specified object.<br />
UseStandardHeight: Determines if the row height of the Range object equals the standard height of the sheet.<br />
UseStandardWidth: Determines if the column width of the Range object equals the standard width of the sheet.<br />
Validation: Returns the Validation object that represents data validation for the specified range.<br />
Value: Returns or sets the value of the specified range.<br />
Value2: Returns or sets the cell value.<br />
<br />
WrapText: Determines if Microsoft Excel wraps the text in the object.<br />
XPath: Returns an XPath object that represents the Xpath of the element mapped to the specified Range object.<br />
<br />
---------<br />
Activate: Activates a single cell, which must be inside the current selection.<br />
Select: Selects the object.<br />
<br />
AddComment: Adds a comment to the range.<br />
AdvancedFilter: Filters or copies data from a list based on a criteria range.<br />
AllocateChanges: Performs a writeback operation for all edited cells in a range based on an OLAP data source.<br />
ApplyNames: Applies names to the cells in the specified range.<br />
ApplyOutlineStyles: Applies outlining styles to the specified range.<br />
AutoComplete: Returns an AutoComplete match from the list.<br />
AutoFill: Performs an autofill on the cells in the specified range.<br />
AutoFilter: Filters a list using the AutoFilter.<br />
AutoFit: Changes the width of the columns in the range or the height of the rows in the range to achieve the best fit.<br />
AutoFormat: Automatically formats the specified range, using a predefined format.<br />
AutoOutline: Automatically creates an outline for the specified range.<br />
BorderAround: Adds a border to a range and sets the Color, LineStyle, and Weight properties for the new border.<br />
BorderAround2: Reserved for internal use.<br />
Calculate: Calculates a specified range of cells on a worksheet.<br />
CalculateRowMajorOrder: Calculates a specfied range of cells.<br />
CheckSpelling: Checks the spelling of an object.<br />
--------<br />
Clear: Clears the entire object.<br />
ClearComments: Clears all cell comments from the specified range.<br />
ClearContents: Clears the formulas from the range.<br />
ClearFormats: Clears the formatting of the object.<br />
ClearHyperlinks: Removes all hyperlinks from the specified range.<br />
ClearNotes: Clears notes and sound notes from all the cells in the specified range.<br />
ClearOutline: Clears the outline for the specified range.<br />
-------<br />
ColumnDifferences: Returns a Range object that represents all the cells whose contents are different from the comparison cell in each column.<br />
Consolidate: Consolidates data from multiple ranges on multiple worksheets into a single range on a single worksheet.<br />
Copy: Copies the range to the specified range or to the Clipboard.<br />
CopyFromRecordset: Copies the contents of an ADO or DAO Recordset object onto a worksheet, beginning at the upper-left corner of the specified range.<br />
CopyPicture: Copies the selected object to the Clipboard as a picture.<br />
CreateNames: Creates names in the specified range, based on text labels in the sheet.<br />
CreatePublisher: You have requested Help for a keyword used only on the Macintosh. For information about this keyword, consult the language reference Help included with Microsoft Office Macintosh Edition.<br />
Cut: Cuts the object to the Clipboard or pastes it into a specified destination.<br />
DataSeries: Creates a data series in the specified range.<br />
Delete: Deletes the object.<br />
DialogBox: Displays a dialog box defined by a dialog box definition table on a Microsoft Excel 4.0 macro sheet.<br />
Dirty: Designates a range to be recalculated when the next recalculation occurs.<br />
DiscardChanges: Discards all changes in the edited cells of the range.<br />
EditionOptions: You have requested Help for a keyword used only on the Macintosh. For information about this keyword, consult the language reference Help included with Microsoft Office Macintosh Edition.<br />
ExportAsFixedFormat: Exports to a file of the specified format.<br />
------<br />
FillDown: Fills down from the top cell or cells in the specified range to the bottom of the range.<br />
FillLeft: Fills left from the rightmost cell or cells in the specified range.<br />
FillRight: Fills right from the leftmost cell or cells in the specified range.<br />
FillUp: Fills up from the bottom cell or cells in the specified range to the top of the range.<br />
--------<br />
Find: Finds specific information in a range and returns a Range object that represents the first cell where that information is found.<br />
FindNext: Continues a search that was begun with the Find method.<br />
FindPrevious: Continues a search that was begun with the Find method.<br />
--------<br />
FlashFill: TRUE indicates that the Excel Flash Fill feature has been enabled and active.<br />
FunctionWizard: Starts the Function Wizard for the upper-left cell of the range.<br />
GetEnumerator(): <br />
GoalSeek: Calculates the values necessary to achieve a specific goal.<br />
--------<br />
Group: When the Range object represents a single cell in a PivotTable field’s data range, the Group method performs numeric or date-based grouping in that field.<br />
Ungroup: Promotes a range in an outline (that is, decreases its outline level).<br />
-------<br />
Insert: Inserts a cell or a range of cells into the worksheet or macro sheet and shifts other cells away to make space.<br />
InsertIndent: Adds an indent to the specified range.<br />
Justify: Rearranges the text in a range so that it fills the range evenly.<br />
ListNames: Pastes a list of all displayed names onto the worksheet, beginning with the first cell in the range.<br />
<br />
Merge: Creates a merged cell from the specified Range object.<br />
UnMerge: Separates a merged area into individual cells.<br />
<br />
NavigateArrow: Navigates a tracer arrow for the specified range to the precedent, dependent, or error-causing cell or cells.<br />
NoteText: Returns or sets the cell note associated with the cell in the upper-left corner of the range.<br />
Parse: Parses a range of data and breaks it into multiple cells.<br />
PasteSpecial: Pastes a Range from the Clipboard into the specified range.<br />
PrintOut: Prints the object.<br />
PrintOutEx: Reserved for internal use.<br />
PrintPreview: Shows a preview of the object as it would look when printed.<br />
RemoveDuplicates: Removes duplicate values from a range of values.<br />
<br />
Replace: Returns a Boolean indicating characters in cells within the specified range.<br />
RowDifferences: Returns a Range object that represents all the cells whose contents are different from those of the comparison cell in each row.<br />
Run: Runs the Microsoft Excel macro at this location.<br />
SetPhonetic: Creates Phonetic objects for all the cells in the specified range.<br />
Show: Scrolls through the contents of the active window to move the range into view.<br />
ShowDependents: Draws tracer arrows to the direct dependents of the range.<br />
ShowErrors: Draws tracer arrows through the precedents tree to the cell that’s the source of the error and returns the range that contains that cell.<br />
ShowPrecedents: Draws tracer arrows to the direct precedents of the range.<br />
Sort: Sorts a PivotTable report, a range, or the active region if the specified range contains only one cell.<br />
SortSpecial: Uses East Asian sorting methods to sort the range or a PivotTable report, or uses the method for the active region if the range contains only one cell. For example, Japanese sorts in the order of the Kana syllabary.<br />
Speak: Causes the cells of the range to be spoken in row order or column order.<br />
SpecialCells: Returns a Range object that represents all the cells that match the specified type and value.<br />
---------<br />
Subtotal: Creates subtotals for the range (or the current region, if the range is a single cell).<br />
RemoveSubtotal: Removes subtotals from a list.<br />
---------<br />
Table: Creates a data table based on input values and formulas that you define on a worksheet.<br />
TextToColumns: Parses a column of cells that contain text into several columns.<br />
<br />
--------<br />
Dim a As Range<br />
Dim b As Hyperlinks<br />
b = a.Hyperlinks<br />
<br />
Hyperlinks members<br />
Application: Returns an Application object that represents the Microsoft Excel application.<br />
Count: Returns the number of objects in the collection.<br />
Creator: Returns a 32-bit integer that indicates the application in which this object was created.<br />
Item: Returns a single object from a collection.<br />
Parent: Returns the parent object for the specified object.<br />
Add: Adds a hyperlink to the specified range or shape. Returns a Hyperlink object.<br />
Delete: Deletes the object.<br />
GetEnumerator()<br />
--------<br />
Function HyperLinkText(pRange As Range) As String<br />
Dim ST1 As String<br />
Dim ST2 As String<br />
If pRange.Hyperlinks.Count = 0 Then<br />
Exit Function<br />
End If<br />
ST1 = pRange.Hyperlinks(1).Address<br />
ST2 = pRange.Hyperlinks(1).SubAddress<br />
If ST2 <> "" Then<br />
ST1 = "[" & ST1 & "]" & ST2<br />
End If<br />
HyperLinkText = ST1<br />
End Function<br />
-------<br />
WorksheetFunction<br />
<br />
Set myRange = Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:C10") <br />
answer = Application.WorksheetFunction.Min(myRange) <br />
MsgBox answer<br />
<br />
Sub StartSpelling()<br />
Dim iRow As Integer<br />
On Error GoTo ERRORHANDLER<br />
'Go through all the cells in column A, and perform a spellcheck on the value.<br />
'If the value is spelled incorrectly, write "Wrong" in column B, otherwise write "OK".<br />
For iRow = 1 To WorksheetFunction.CountA(Columns(1))<br />
If Application.CheckSpelling(Cells(iRow, 1).Value, , True) = False Then<br />
Cells(iRow, 2).Value = "Wrong"<br />
Else<br />
Cells(iRow, 2).Value = "OK"<br />
End If<br />
Next iRow<br />
Exit Sub<br />
ERRORHANDLER:<br />
MsgBox "The spell check feature is not installed!"<br />
End Sub<br />
<br />
It calculates the average of the values in cell A1 and cell A2 and places the result into cell A3.<br />
Range("A3").Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.Average(Range("A1:A2"))<br />
-------<br />
Range.Formula<br />
Returns or sets a Variant value that represents the object's formula in A1-style notation and in the macro language.<br />
<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1").Formula = "=$A$4+$A$10"<br />
<br />
Sub InsertTodaysDate() <br />
Sheets("Sheet1").Select <br />
Range("A1").Select <br />
Selection.Formula = "=text(now(),""mmm dd yyyy"")" <br />
Selection.Columns.AutoFit <br />
End Sub<br />
-------<br />
Range.Offset(RowOffset, ColumnOffset)<br />
returns a range that is offset from the specified range.<br />
<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate <br />
Range("A1:D10").Select<br />
ActiveCell.Value = "Monthly Totals" <br />
ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Activate <br />
<br />
activates the cell three columns to the right of and three rows down from the active cell.<br />
ActiveCell.Offset(rowOffset:=3, columnOffset:=3).Activate<br />
-------<br />
Range.Resize(RowSize, ColumnSize): Returns a Range object that represents the resized range.<br />
<br />
Set tbl = ActiveCell.CurrentRegion <br />
tbl.Offset(1, 0).Resize(tbl.Rows.Count - 1, _ <br />
tbl.Columns.Count).Select<br />
<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate <br />
numRows = Selection.Rows.Count <br />
numColumns = Selection.Columns.Count <br />
Selection.Resize(numRows + 1, numColumns + 1).Select<br />
-------<br />
Range.CurrentRegion: a range bounded by any combination of blank rows and blank columns.<br />
For Each c In ActiveCell.CurrentRegion.Cells <br />
If Abs(c.Value) < 0.01 Then c.Value = 0 <br />
Next<br />
<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate <br />
ActiveCell.CurrentRegion.Select <br />
Selection.Style = "Currency" <br />
-------<br />
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:D4").Copy _<br />
destination:=Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("E5")<br />
-------<br />
Public Sub CopyRows() <br />
<br />
Sheets("Sheet1").Select <br />
' Find the last row of data <br />
FinalRow = Cells(Rows.Count, 1).End(xlUp).Row<br />
<br />
' Loop through each row<br />
For x = 2 To FinalRow <br />
' Decide if to copy based on column D <br />
ThisValue = Cells(x, 4).Value <br />
If ThisValue = "A" Then <br />
Cells(x, 1).Resize(1, 33).Copy <br />
Sheets("SheetA").Select <br />
NextRow = Cells(Rows.Count, 1).End(xlUp).Row + 1 <br />
Cells(NextRow, 1).Select <br />
ActiveSheet.Paste <br />
Sheets("Sheet1").Select <br />
ElseIf ThisValue = "B" Then <br />
Cells(x, 1).Resize(1, 33).Copy <br />
Sheets("SheetB").Select <br />
NextRow = Cells(Rows.Count, 1).End(xlUp).Row + 1 <br />
Cells(NextRow, 1).Select <br />
ActiveSheet.Paste <br />
Sheets("Sheet1").Select <br />
End If <br />
Next x <br />
End Sub <br />
-------<br />
Dim NewRange As Range<br />
Set NewRange = Range("A2:A6")<br />
<br />
Dim HighestScore As Long<br />
Dim LowestScore As Long<br />
Dim TopScorer As Range<br />
Dim BottomScorer As Range<br />
<br />
LowestScore = WorksheetFunction.Min(Range("B1:B5"))<br />
HighestScore = WorksheetFunction.Max(Range("B1:B5"))<br />
<br />
Set BottomScorer = Range("B1:B5").Find(What:=LowestScore)<br />
Set TopScorer = Range("B1:B5").Find(What:=HighestScore)<br />
<br />
Range("B7").Value = BottomScorer.Offset(, -1).Value<br />
Range("B8").Value = TopScorer.Offset(, -1).Valuehcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-38427931441533607242014-09-13T08:07:00.004+09:002015-02-17T23:24:32.783+09:00VBA LanguageVisual Basic for Applications (VBA)<br />Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6<br />OLE Automation interface<br />ActiveX controls<br />-------<br /> project: A set of modules.<br /> module: a set of declarations followed by procedures.<br /> procedure: プロシージャ。a named sequence of statements executed as a unit. For example, Function, Property, and Sub are types of procedures. A procedure name is always defined at module level. All executable code must be contained in a procedure. Procedures can't be nested within other procedures.<br /> Sub procedure: a procedure that performs a specific task within a program, but returns no explicit value. A Sub procedure begins with a Sub statement and ends with an End Sub statement. Sub stands for Subroutine.<br />変数<br />constant 定数<br /> ひきすう【引数】《argument》コンピューターのプログラムやアプリケーションソフトにおいて、関数やサブルーチンを利用する際に受け渡す値。関数やサブルーチンは、受け渡された値を元にして処理を行い、結果となる値を返す。<br />macro マクロ<br />書式<br />フォーム<br />配列<br />objects オブジェクト<br />properties プロパティ<br />methods メソッド<br />-------<br />'comment<br />-------<br />DATA TYPES<br /><br />Byte: (1 byte) from 0 to 255.<br />Integer: (2 bytes) from -32,768 to 32,767. <br />Long: (4 bytes) from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. <br />Single: (4 bytes) from -3.402823E38 to -1.401298E-45 for negative values and 1.401298E-45 to 3.402823E38 for positive values. <br />Double: (8 bytes) from -1.79769313486231E308 to -4.94065645841247E-324 for negative values and<br /> 4.94065645841247E-324 to 1.79769313486232E308 for positive values. <br />Date: (8 bytes) Stores date/time values. <br />Boolean: (2 bytes) Stores logical values—true or false. <br />Currency: (8 bytes) Stores currency values ranging from -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807.<br />Variant: (16 bytes) Stores any values.<br />String: Stores text values. Its use of memory depends on the length of text to store.<br />-------<br />LOGICAL OPERATORS<br /><br />A And B: True if both A and B are true; False otherwise.<br />A Or B: True if at least one of A and B are true; False otherwise.<br />A Xor B: False if both A and B are true or if both A and B are false; True otherwise.<br />Not A: True if A is false; False if A is true.<br />-------<br />Arithmetic Operators<br /><br />Addition: 10 + 5<br />Subtraction: 10 - 5<br />Negation: -10<br />Multiplication: 10 * 5<br />Division: 10 / 5<br />Integer division: 11 \ 5<br />Exponentiation: 10^5<br />Modulus (remainder): 10 Mod 5<br />-------<br />Comparison Operators<br /><br />Equal to: 10 = 5<br />Greater than: 10 > 5<br />Less than: 10 < 5<br />Greater than or equal to: "a" >= "b"<br />Less than or equal to: "a" <= "b"<br />Not equal to: "a" <> "b"<br />---------<br />Sub Hello()<br /> MsgBox ("Hello, world!")<br />End Sub<br />-------<br />temp = Application. _<br />to split a single command over more than one line you need to break the line with a space and then an underscore.<br />---------<br />Variables can be declared as one of the following data types: Boolean, Byte, Integer, Long, Currency, Single, Double, Date, String (for variable-length strings), String * length (for fixed-length strings), Object, or Variant. If you do not specify a data type, the Variant data type is assigned by default. <br /><br />Dim a As Integer, b As Integer, c As Integer<br />Dim a, b, c As Integer<br />Public a As String<br />Private b As String<br />Static a As String<br /><br />Private variables can be used only by procedures in the same module.<br />Public variables can be used in any procedures in the project. If a public variable is declared in a standard module or a class module, it can also be used in any projects that reference the project where the public variable is declared.<br />When you use the Static statement instead of a Dim statement, the declared variable will retain its value between calls.<br />----------<br />Dim x As Integer, y As Integer<br />------<br />Note If you declare more than one variable by using a single Dim statement, you must specify the data type for each variable.<br />If you do not specify the data type for each variable, as in the following Visual Basic code, only the variable y is set up as an integer variable. The variable x will be a variant type:<br /><br />Dim x, y As Integer<br />---------<br />macro: a procedure that can be executed from outside the project.<br />procedure: sub, function or properties<br />a module contain procedures.<br />a project contain modules.<br />-----------<br />inside procedure:<br />・Dim: visible only to the procedure<br />・Static: retains its value<br /><br />inside a module, outside procedures<br />・Public: visible to the project<br />・Private (or Dim): visible only to the module.<br />-----------<br />Note If you have a module-level variable, its lifetime is the same as if it were a static procedure-level variable.<br />--------<br />The following statements create Variant variables:<br /><br />Dim a<br />Dim b As Variant<br />c = "This is some text."<br /><br />Variables declared as the Variant data type can contain string, date, time, Boolean, or numeric values, and can convert the values they contain automatically. <br />--------<br />Dim is short for "Dimension".<br />Variable declarations are optional in VBA.<br />---------<br />The difference between a function and a sub in Excel VBA is that a function can return a value while a sub cannot. <br />---------<br />Function Area(x As Double, y As Double) As Double<br /> Area = x * y<br />End Function<br /><br />Dim z As Double<br />z = Area(3, 5) + 2<br />MsgBox z<br />---------<br />Sub Area(x As Double, y As Double)<br /> MsgBox x * y<br />End Sub<br /><br />Area 3, 5<br />---------<br />All arguments are passed to procedures by reference, unless you specify otherwise. This is efficient because all arguments passed by reference take the same amount of time to pass and the same amount of space (4 bytes) within a procedure regardless of the argument's data type.<br /><br />You can pass an argument by value if you include the ByVal keyword in the procedure's declaration. Arguments passed by value consume from 2 – 16 bytes within the procedure, depending on the argument's data type. Larger data types take slightly longer to pass by value than smaller ones. Because of this, String and Variant data types generally should not be passed by value.<br /><br />Passing an argument by value copies the original variable. Changes to the argument within the procedure aren't reflected back to the original variable. For example:<br /><br />Function Factorial(ByVal MyVar As Integer) ' Function declaration.<br /> MyVar = MyVar - 1<br /> If MyVar = 0 Then <br /> Factorial = 1<br /> Exit Function<br /> End If<br /> Factorial = Factorial(MyVar) * (MyVar + 1)<br />End Function<br /><br />' Call Factorial with a variable S.<br />S = 5<br />Print Factorial(S) ' Displays 120 (the factorial of 5)<br />Print S ' Displays 5.<br />---------<br />If a = 0 Then<br /> Msgbox "aa"<br />Else<br /> Msgbox "bb"<br />End If<br /><br />If c1 Then<br /> r1<br />ElseIf c2 Then<br /> r2<br />Else<br /> r3<br />End If<br />----------<br />Do While a <> ""<br /> Msgbox "aa"<br />Loop<br />---------<br />While (file <> "")<br /> Msgbox "bb"<br />Wend<br />-------<br />Dim i As Integer<br />For i = 1 To 20<br /> Msgbox i<br />Next i<br />-------<br />For Each c In Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:D10").Cells <br /> Msgbox c.Value<br />Next<br /><br />---STRING----<br />"This is fun"<br />& operator: to concatenate (join) two strings.<br />vbNewLine: to start a new line.<br />"Line 1" & vbNewLine & "Line 2"<br />--------<br />Dim a As String, b As String<br />a = "Hi"<br />b = "Tim"<br />MsgBox a & " " & b<br />------<br />Dim t As String<br />t = "example text"<br />MsgBox Left(t, 4)<br />---------<br />MsgBox Right("example text", 2)<br />MsgBox Mid("example text", 9, 2)<br />MsgBox Len("example text")<br />MsgBox Instr("example text", "am")<br />-------<br />You can declare a string to be a fixed length with a declaration like<br />Dim S As String * 20<br />This declares a string of 20 characters. <br /><br />---DATE-----<br />Dim e As Date<br />e = DateValue("Jun 19, 2010")<br />MsgBox Year(e)<br />--------<br />Dim a As Date, b As Date<br />a = DateValue("Jun 19, 2010")<br />b = DateAdd("d", 3, a)<br />MsgBox b<br />---------<br />MsgBox Now<br />MsgBox Hour(Now)<br />MsgBox TimeValue("9:20:01 am")<br />-------<br />Dim y As Double<br />y = TimeValue("09:20:01")<br />MsgBox y<br />---------<br />DateAdd ( interval, number, date )<br />number is the number of intervals that you wish to add.<br />date is the date to which the interval should be added.<br />yyyy:Year<br />q:Quarter<br />m:Month<br />y: Day of the year<br />d: Day<br />w: Weekday<br />ww: Week<br />h: Hour<br />n: Minute<br />s: Second<br />DateAdd("yyyy", 3, "22/11/2003")<br />Result: '22/11/2006'<br /><br />DateAdd("q", 2, "22/11/2003")<br />Result: '22/05/2004'<br /><br />DateAdd("m", 5, "22/11/2003")<br />Result: '22/04/2004'<br /><br />DateAdd("n", 51, "22/11/2003 10:31:58 AM")<br />Result: '22/11/2003 11:22:58 AM'<br /><br />DateAdd("yyyy", -1, "22/11/2003")<br />Result: '22/11/2002'<br /><br />---ARRAY-----<br />Dim s(1 To 5) As String<br />s(1) = "Lord of the Rings"<br />s(2) = "Speed"<br />s(3) = "Star Wars"<br />s(4) = "The Godfather"<br />s(5) = "Pulp Fiction"<br />MsgBox s(4)<br />---------<br />Dim Films(1 To 5, 1 To 2) As String<br />Dim i As Integer, j As Integer<br />For i = 1 To 5<br /> For j = 1 To 2<br /> Films(i, j) = Cells(i, j).Value<br /> Next j<br />Next i<br />MsgBox Films(4, 2)<br />----------<br />Option Explicit<br />to force explicit declarations of variables before they are used. Put at the beginning of the module.<br />----------<br />Procedures in separate modules can have the same name. <br />Most naming conflicts can be resolved by preceding each identifier with a qualifier that consists of the module name and, if necessary, a project name. For example:<br />YourProject.YourModule.YourSub MyProject.MyModule.MyVar<br /><br />The preceding code calls the Sub procedure YourSub and passes MyVar as an argument. <br />----------<br />To call a Sub procedure:<br />・ no Call, no parentheses<br />・ with Call and parentheses.<br />Procedure1 99800, 43100 <br />Call Procedure1(380950, 49500) <br />----------<br />to call a function: <br />・ with parentheses and return value assigned.<br />・ no parentheses and no return value assigned<br />Answer3 = MsgBox("Are you happy with your salary?", 4, "Question 3") <br />MsgBox "Task Completed!", 0, "Task Box" <br /><br />If you include parentheses in the preceding example, the statement causes a syntax error.<br />-----------<br />You can list named arguments in any order. <br />MsgBox Title:="Task Box", Prompt:="Task Completed!" <br />answer3 = MsgBox( Title:="Question 3", Prompt:="Are you happy with your salary?", Buttons:=4) <br /><br />--FUNCTIONS--<br />type the word VBA followed by a period, and you’ll see a drop-drop list of these functions:<br /><br />-----STRING-----<br />Asc: Converts the first character of string to its ASCII value<br />Chr: Converts an ANSI value to a character<br />InStr: Returns the position of a string within another string<br />InStrRev: Returns the position of a string within another string, beginning at the back end of the string<br />Join: Returns a string created by joining a number of substrings contained in an array<br /><br />UCase: Converts a string to uppercase<br />LCase: Returns a string converted to lowercase<br /><br />Right: Returns a specified number of characters from the right of a string<br />Left: Returns a specified number of characters from the left of a string<br /><br />Len: Returns the length of a string, in characters<br /><br />Trim: Returns a string without leading and spaces and replaces multiple spaces with a single space<br />RTrim: Returns a copy of a string with no trailing spaces<br />LTrim: Returns a copy of a string with no leading spaces<br /><br />Mid: Returns a specified number of characters from a string<br />MidB: Returns a specified number of bytes from a specified position in a string string<br />Replace: Returns a string in which one substring is replaced with another<br />Space: Returns a string with a specified number of spaces<br />Split: Returns an array consisting of a number of substrings<br />Str: Returns a string representation of a number<br />StrComp: Returns a value indicating the result of a string comparison<br />StrConv: Returns a string variant converted as specified<br />String: Returns a repeating character or string<br />StrReverse: Returns the characters of a string in reverse order<br />Val: Returns the numbers contained in a string<br /><br />----NUMBER------<br />Abs: Returns the absolute value of a number<br /><br />Sin: Returns the sine of a number<br />Cos: Returns the cosine of a number<br />Tan: Returns the tangent of a number<br />Atn: Returns the arctangent of a number<br /><br />Exp: Returns the base of the natural logarithms (e) raised to a power<br />Log: Returns the natural logarithm of a number<br /><br />Fix: Returns the integer portion of a number<br />Int: Returns the integer portion of a number<br /><br />Hex: Converts from decimal to hexadecimal<br />Oct: Converts from decimal to octal<br /><br />Rnd: Returns a random number between 0 and 1<br />Round: Rounds a number to a specific number of decimal places<br />Sgn: Returns an integer that indicates the sign of a number<br />Sqr: Returns the square root of a number<br /><br />---DATE-----<br />DateAdd: Returns a date with a specific date interval added to it<br />DateDiff: Returns the difference between two dates as a time interval<br />DatePart: Returns an integer containing a specific part of a date<br />DateSerial: Returns a date for a specified year, month, and day<br /><br />DateValue: Converts a string to date<br />TimeValue: Converts a string to a time serial number<br /><br />Year: Returns the year of a date<br />Month: Returns the month of a date<br />Day: Returns the day of the month of a date<br />Hour: Returns the hour of a time<br />Minute: Returns the minute of a time<br />Second: Returns the second of a time<br /><br />Now: Returns the current system date and time<br />Time: Returns the current system time<br />Date: Returns the current system date<br /><br />MonthName: Returns a string indicating the specified month<br /><br />Timer: Returns the number of seconds since midnight<br />TimeSerial: Returns the time for a specified hour, minute, and second<br />Weekday: Returns a number representing a day of the week<br />Weekday Name: Returns a string indicating the specified weekday<br /><br />---FILE-----<br />Dir: Returns the name of a file or directory that matches a pattern<br />CurDir: Returns the current path<br />EOF: Returns True if the end of a text file has been reached<br />FileAttr: Returns the file mode for a text file<br />FileDateTime: Returns the date and time when a file was last modified<br />FileLen: Returns the number of bytes in a file<br />FreeFile: Returns the next file number available for use by the Open statement<br />GetAttr: Returns a code representing a file attribute<br />Input: Returns a specific number of characters from an open text file<br />Loc: Returns the current read or write position of a text file<br />LOF: Returns the number of bytes in an open text file<br />Seek: Returns the current position in a text file<br /><br />--VARIABLE------<br />IsArray: Returns True if a variable is an array<br />IsDate: Returns True if a variable is a date<br />IsEmpty: Returns True if a variable has not been initialized<br />IsError: Returns True if an expression is an error value<br />IsMissing: Returns True if an optional argument was not passed to a Procedure<br />IsNull: Returns True if an expression contains no valid data<br />IsNumeric: Returns True if an expression can be evaluated as a number<br />IsObject: Returns True if an expression references an OLE Automation object<br /><br />--ARRAY--<br />LBound: Returns the lower bound of an array<br />UBound: Returns the upper bound of an array<br />Array: Returns a variant that contains an array<br /><br />-----<br />CBool: Converts to Boolean<br />CByte: Converts to byte<br />CCur: Converts to currency<br />CDate: Converts to date<br />CDbl: Converts to double<br />CDec: Converts to decimal<br />CInt: Converts to integer<br />CLng: Converts to long<br />CSng: Converts to single<br />CStr: Converts to string<br />CVar: Converts to variant<br />CVDate: Converts to date<br />------<br />Choose: Selects and returns a value from a list of arguments<br />----------<br />CreateObject: Creates an OLE Automation object<br />CVErr: Returns a user-defined error type<br />--------<br />DoEvents: Yields execution so the operating system can process other events<br />Error: Returns the error message that corresponds to an error number<br />Format: Returns an expression in a particular format<br />FormatCurrency: Returns a number as a string, formatted as currency<br />FormatDateTime: Returns a number as a string, formatted as a date and/or time<br />FormatNumber: Returns a number as a formatted string<br />FormatPercent: Returns a number as a string, formatted as a percentage<br />GetAll: Returns a list of key settings and their values (originally created with SaveSetting) from an application’s entry in the Windows registry<br />GetObject: Retrieves an OLE Automation object from a file<br />GetSetting: Returns a key setting value from an application’s entry in the Windows registry<br />IIf: Returns one of two parts, depending on the evaluation of an expression<br />InputBox: Displays a box to prompt a user for input, and returns the value entered<br />MsgBox: Displays a modal message box and returns the ID of the button clicked<br />RGB: Returns a number representing an RGB color value<br />Shell: Runs an executable program<br />Switch: Evaluates a list of expressions and returns a value associated with the first expression in the list that is True<br />Tab: Positions output in an output stream<br />TypeName: Returns a string that describes the data type of a variable<br />VarType: Returns a value indicating the subtype of a variable<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-10105452891995940462014-09-06T09:42:00.002+09:002014-09-13T08:06:15.871+09:00We need to resurrect the hyphenWe need to resurrect the hyphen.<br />
Lots of people out there, especially native speakers, seem to be ignoring the hyphen.<br />
The hyphen is important to keep the sentence syntactically coherent.<br />
<br />
Let's see some examples:<br />
A 21-year-old girl.<br />
A face-to-face meeting.<br />
An out-of-the-question issue.<br />
A state-of-the-art device.<br />
An out-of-stock book.<br />
An up-to-date account<br />
An out-of-date curriculum<br />
An I-told-you-you smile<br />
A step-by-step explanation<br />
A day-by-day basis <br />
<br />
Each of the hyphenated expressions acts as an adjective and can be put without problems before a noun.<br />
But if you remove the hyphen, the syntax of the sentence changes:<br />
A face to face meeting: a facial expression to attend a meeting.<br />
A state of the art device: the state of devices of art.<br />
<br />
With the hyphen you are indicating that the whole expression acts as an adjective and can be put before a noun.<br />
If the syntax of the sentence doesn't change, the hyphen in unnecessary.<br />
For example should it be "egg beater" or "egg-beater"?<br />
"Egg" is a noun, "beater" is also a noun. In terms of syntax, it is perfectly possible to have a noun followed by another noun. The first noun acts as an adjective. So in my opinion the hyphen in unnecessary because it doesn't change the syntax.<br />
<br />
Another example: man-eating shark.<br />
Here we are clearly talking about a shark that eats human beings.<br />
But without the hyphen the meaning changes completely. It becomes a man that is eating shark meat.<br />
<br />
Other examples:<br />
A good-looking girl (a girl that looks good)<br />
A money-making machine (a machine that makes money)<br />
A pain-inducing pill (a pill that induces pain)<br />
A bed-wetting child (a child that wets the bed)<br />
A movie-watching audience (an audience that watches movies)<br />
<br />
You can also make hyphenated sentences with the past participle:<br />
A pill-induced pain (a pain induced by pain)<br />
A machine-made money (money made by a machine)<br />
A child-wetted bed (a bed wetted by a child)<br />
An audience-watched movie (a movie watched by an audience)<br />
<br />
http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/hyphens.asp<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen<br />
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/hyphen<br />
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/hyphen.htmhcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-58271529271823757242014-08-21T06:07:00.000+09:002014-08-23T08:50:14.191+09:00Ansi CThe C Programming Language -- ANSI C<br />Brian W. C. Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie <br />Prentice Hall, 1988 <br />-------------<br />1988 ANSI C (American National Standards Institute)<br />-----------<br />hello.c<br />#include <stdio.h><br />void main() { printf("\nHello World\n"); }<br />--------------<br />Every full C program begins inside a function called "main". <br /><br />{} curly braces <br />; semicolon <br />, comma <br /><br />variable<br />type<br />keyword<br />declare a variable<br />statement<br />operator<br />Loop<br />parameter<br />--------<br />#include<br />Prepocessor directive that takes everything in the header and paste it into your program. <br />The .h files are header files which contain definitions of variables and functions. <br /><br />stdio.h: I/O (input/output) library. It contains the function printf<br />ctype.h: defining character manipulation routines<br />string.h: defining string manipulation routines<br />math.h: defining mathematical routines<br />stdlib.h: defining number conversion, storage allocation and similar tasks<br />stdarg.h: defining libraries to handle routines with variable numbers of arguments<br />time.h: defining time-manipulation routines<br />assert.h: defining diagnostic routines<br />setjmp.h: defining non-local function calls<br />signal.h: defining signal handlers<br />limits.h: defining constants of the int type<br />float.h: defining constants of the float type<br />--------<br />Function parameters are always passed by value. <br />Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointer values. <br />for, if/else, while, switch, and do/while. <br />A preprocessor performs macro definition, source code file inclusion, and conditional compilation.<br />-----------<br />A compiler turns the program that you write into an executable that your computer can actually understand and run. <br />to compile (GNU C compiler)<br />gcc hello.c <br />-------<br />\n (new line)<br />\t (tab)<br />\g (ring the bell (beep) on the terminal)<br />\v (vertical tab)<br />\f (new page)<br />\b (backspace)<br />\r (carriage return)<br />------------<br />Blocks of statements are put in braces {...}<br />-----<br />#include <stdio.h><br />int main() {<br />printf( "I am alive! Beware.\n" );<br />getchar(); /*reads in a single character and waits for the user to hit enter before reading the character*/<br />return 0; /*0 means success.*/<br />}<br />--------<br />/* multiple-line <br />comment*/<br /><br />// single-line comment (valid only on C99)<br />-------<br />int myVariable;<br />int x;<br />int a, b, c, d;<br />char letter;<br />float the_float;<br />int a = 10, b = 100, c = 200;<br /><br />char: character variable (single byte)<br />short: short integer<br />int: integer variable<br />long: long integer<br />float: single precision real (floating point) variable<br />double: double precision real (floating point) variable<br /><br />In C you must declare all of your variables before you do anything else.<br />----------<br />a = 4 * 6; <br />a = a + 5; <br />a == 5 /* Does NOT assign five to a. Rather, it checks to see if a equals 5.*/ <br /><br />+ Addition<br />- Subtraction<br />* Multiplication<br />/ Division<br />% Modulus<br />----------<br />signed variables: can be either negative or positive.<br />unsigned variables: can only be positive. <br /><br />unsigned int i; <br />int j; /*signed*/<br />--------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />#include < math.h><br />void main() {<br />int angle_degree;<br />double angle_radian, pi, value;<br /><br />/* Print a header */<br />printf ("\nCompute a table of the sine function\n\n");<br /><br />/* obtain pi once for all */<br />/* or just use pi = M_PI, where M_PI is defined in math.h */<br />pi = 4.0 * atan(1.0);<br />printf ( " Value of PI = %f \n\n", pi );<br />printf ( " angle Sine \n" );<br />angle_degree = 0; /* initial angle value */<br />/* scan over angle */<br /><br />while ( angle_degree <= 360 ) {<br />angle_radian = pi * angle_degree/180.0 ;<br />value = sin(angle_radian);<br />printf ( " %3d %f \n ", angle_degree, value );<br />angle_degree = angle_degree + 10; }}<br />-------------<br />double atan(double x); arc tangent of x.<br />double sin(double x); sine of x.<br />----------<br />%d integer (10)<br />%.nd integer (optional n = number of columns; if 0, pad with zeroes)<br />%ld long integer <br />%f floating-point number in fixed decimal format (10.500000)<br />%m.nf float or double (optional m = number of columns,n = number of decimal places)<br />%.1f floating-point number with 1 digit after the decimal (10.5)<br />%e floating-point number in exponential (scientific notation) (1.050000e+01)<br />%g floating-point number in either fixed decimal or exponential format depending on the size of the number (will not display trailing zeros) (10.5)<br />%ns string (optional n = number of columns)<br />%c character<br />---------<br />#include <stdio.h><br />int main() {<br />int this_is_a_number;<br />printf( "Please enter a number: " );<br />/ *to read character, string, numeric data from keyboard */<br />scanf( "%d", &this_is_a_number );<br />printf( "You entered %d", this_is_a_number );<br />getchar();<br />return 0;<br />}<br />-----------<br />if (conditional_1) {<br />...statements executed if conditional_1 is true...<br />} else if (conditional_2) {<br />...statements executed if conditional_2 is true...<br />} else {<br />...statements executed otherwise...<br />}<br /><br />< smaller than<br /><= smaller than or equal to<br />== equal to<br />!= not equal to<br />>= greater than or equal to<br />> greater than<br /><br />&& and<br />|| or<br />! not<br /><br />1: true<br />0: false<br />----------------<br />#include <stdio.h><br />int main() {<br />int age;<br />printf( "Please enter your age" );<br />scanf( "%d", &age );<br />if ( age < 100 ) printf ("You are pretty young!\n" );<br />else if ( age == 100 ) printf( "You are old\n" ); <br />else printf( "You are really old\n" );<br />return 0;<br />}<br />---------<br />i = initial_i;<br />while (i <= i_max){<br /> ...block of statements...<br /> i = i + i_increment;<br />}<br />----------<br />do {<br />} while ( condition );<br />-----------<br />for (i = initial_i; i <= i_max; i = i + i_increment) {<br /> ...block of statements...<br />}<br />----------<br />angle_degree = 0;<br />for ( ; ; ){<br /> ...block of statements...<br /> angle_degree = angle_degree + 10;<br /> if (angle_degree == 360) break;<br />}<br />-----------<br />break: exit the most immediately surrounding loop.<br />continue: begin to execute again from the top of the loop. <br />--------<br />constants<br />#define ANGLE_MIN 0<br />#define ANGLE_MAX 360<br />#define NAME "abcdef"<br />#define AGE (20 / 2)<br /><br />It is customary to use capital letters in defining global constants.<br />---------<br />switch (expression) {<br /> case const_expression_1: { ...statements... break; }<br /> case const_expression_2: { ...statements... break; }<br /> default: { ...statements.. }<br />}<br />the case values may only be constant integral expressions. <br />-----------<br />int x;<br />for ( x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) printf( "%d\n", x );<br />----------<br />int x = 0;<br />while ( x < 10 ) {<br /> printf( "%d\n", x );<br /> x++; }<br />-----<br />int x = 0;<br />do { printf( "Hello, world!\n" ); } while ( x != 0 );<br />-------<br />pointer<br /><br />defines px to be a pointer to objects of type float, and sets it equal to the address of x<br />float x;<br />float* px;<br />x = 6.5;<br />px = &x;<br /><br />The content of the memory location referenced by a pointer is obtained using the * operator (this is called dereferencing the pointer). Thus, *px refers to the value of x.<br />C allows us to perform arithmetic operations using pointers, but beware that the unit in pointer arithmetic is the size (in bytes) of the object to which the pointer points. For example, if px is a pointer to a variable x of type float, then the expression px + 1 refers not to the next bit or byte in memory but to the location of the next float after x (4 bytes away on most workstations); if x were of type double, then px + 1 would refer to a location 8 bytes (the size of a double)away, and so on. Only if x is of type char will px + 1 actually refer to the next byte in memory.<br />------------<br />char* pc;<br />float* px;<br />float x;<br /><br />x = 6.5;<br />px = &x;<br />pc = (char*) px;<br />the (char*) in the last line is a "cast", which converts one data type to another, px and pc both point to the same location in memory (the address of x) but px + 1 and pc + 1 point to different memory locations.<br />-----------<br />void main() {<br />float x, y;<br />float *fp, *fp2;<br />x = 6.5;<br />printf("Value of x is %f, address of x %ld\n", x, &x);<br />fp = &x; <br />printf("Value in memory location fp is %f\n", *fp);<br />*fp = 9.2;<br />printf("New value of x is %f = %f \n", *fp, x);<br />*fp = *fp + 1.5;<br />printf("Final value of x is %f = %f \n", *fp, x);<br />y = *fp;<br />fp2 = fp;<br />printf("Transfered value into y = %f and fp2 = %f \n", y, *fp2);<br />}<br />--------------<br />#include<stdio.h><br />int main() {<br />int *ptr_one;<br /><br />/*allocates the requested memory and returns a pointer to it.*/<br />ptr_one = (int *)malloc(sizeof(*ptr_one));<br /><br />/*if (ptr_one == 0) { Eu acho que não pode usar zero*/<br />if (ptr_one == NULL) {<br />printf("ERROR: Out of memory\n");<br />return 1;<br />}<br />*ptr_one = 25;<br />printf("%d\n", *ptr_one);<br />free(ptr_one);<br />return 0;<br />}<br />----------<br />Arrays<br />type name[dim];<br />In C, arrays starts at position 0. The elements of the array occupy adjacent locations in memory. C treats the name of the array as if it were a pointer to the first element--this is important in understanding how to do arithmetic with arrays. Thus, if v is an array, *v is the same thing as v[0], *(v+1) is the same thing as v[1], and so on.<br /><br />int a[4];<br />a[0] = 1;<br />a[1] = 2;<br />a[2] = 3;<br />a[3] = 4;<br />----------<br />#define SIZE 3<br />void main() {<br />float x[SIZE], *fp;<br />int i;<br /><br />for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) x[i] = 0.5 * (float)i;<br />for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) printf(" %d %f \n", i, x[i]);<br />fp = x;<br />for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) printf(" %d %f \n", i, *(fp + i));<br />}<br />---------<br />Multi-dimensional array<br /><br />#include<stdio.h><br />int main() {<br />int a[4][4], i , j;<br />for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {<br />for ( j = 0; j < 4; j++) {<br />a[i][j] = 0;<br />printf("a[%d][%d] = %d \n", i, j, a[i][j]);<br />} }<br />return 0;<br />}<br />-----------<br />String is an array of characters. It is represented internally in C by the ASCII characters in the string, and terminated by the special null character "\0" so programs can find the end of the string.<br />---------<br />printf("Hello, world\n");<br />printf("The value of a is: %f\n", a);<br />--------<br />C provides the char type variable, which can contain one character (1 byte) at a time. A character string is stored in an array of character type, one ASCII character per location. Never forget that, since strings are conventionally terminated by the null character "\0", we require one extra storage location in the array!<br />---------<br />void main() {<br />char text_1[100], text_2[100], text_3[100];<br />char *ta, *tb;<br />int i;<br />/* set message to be an arrray of characters; initialize it to the constant string "..." */<br />/* let the compiler decide on its size by using [] */<br />char message[] = "Hello, I am a string; what are you?";<br />printf("Original message: %s\n", message);<br />/* copy the message to text_1 the hard way */<br />i = 0;<br />while ( (text_1[i] = message[i]) != '\0' ) i++;<br />printf("Text_1: %s\n", text_1);<br />/* use explicit pointer arithmetic */<br />ta = message;<br />tb = text_2;<br />while ( ( *tb++ = *ta++ ) != '\0' ) ;<br />printf("Text_2: %s\n", text_2);<br />}<br />--------<br />Eu acho que esse tipo de expressão deve ser evitada, por ser confusa.<br />*tb++ = *ta++<br /><br />*tb = *ta;<br />tb++;<br />ta++:<br />------------<br />char *strcpy(s,ct) copy ct into s, including "\0"; return s<br />char *strncpy(s,ct,n) copy ncharcater of ct into s, return s<br />char *strncat(s,ct) concatenate ct to end of s; return s<br />char *strncat(s,ct,n) concatenate n character of ct to end of s, terminate with "\0"; return s<br />int strcmp(ptr1,ptr2) compare ptr1 and ptr2; <br /><0: the first character that does not match has a lower value in ptr1 than in ptr2<br />0: the contents of both strings are equal<br />>0: the first character that does not match has a greater value in ptr1 than in ptr2<br />char *strchr(cs,c) return pointer to first occurence of c in cs or NULL if not encountered<br />size_t strlen(cs) return length of cs<br />(s and t are char*, cs and ct are const char*, c is an char converted to type int, and n is an int.)<br />-----------<br />#include < string.h><br /> void main() {<br />char line[100], *sub_text;<br /><br />/* initialize string */ <br /> strcpy(line,"hello, I am a string;");<br />printf("Line: %s\n", line);<br /><br />/* add to end of string */ <br />strcat(line," what are you?");<br />printf("Line: %s\n", line);<br /><br />/* find length of string */ <br />/* strlen brings back length as type size_t */<br />printf("Length of line: %d\n", (int)strlen(line));<br /><br />/* find occurence of substrings */ <br />if ( (sub_text = strchr ( line, 'W' ) )!= NULL )<br />printf("String starting with \"W\" ->%s\n", sub_text);<br />if ( ( sub_text = strchr ( line, 'w' ) )!= NULL )<br />printf("String starting with \"w\" ->%s\n", sub_text);<br />if ( ( sub_text = strchr ( sub_text, 'u' ) )!= NULL )<br />printf("String starting with \"w\" ->%s\n", sub_text);<br />}<br />-----------<br />stdin: standard input <br />stdout: standard output<br />stderr: standard error<br />---------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />void main() {<br />int i, nc;<br />nc = 0;<br />i = getchar();<br />while (i != EOF) {<br /> nc = nc + 1;<br /> i = getchar();<br />}<br />printf("Number of characters in file = %d\n", nc);<br />}<br /><br />This program counts the number of characters in the input stream (e.g. in a file piped into it at execution time). <br />The code reads characters (whatever they may be) from stdin (the keyboard), uses stdout (the X-terminal you run from) for output, and writes error messages to stderr (usually also your X-terminal). <br />----------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />void main() {<br />int c, nc = 0;<br />while ( (c = getchar()) != EOF ) nc++;<br />printf("Number of characters in file = %d\n", nc);<br />}<br />----------<br />++nc; (nc is incremented before it is used)<br />nc++; (nc is used before it is incremented) <br />------------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />void main() {<br />int c, nc = 0, nl = 0;<br />while ( (c = getchar()) != EOF ) {<br />nc++;<br />if (c == '\n') nl++;<br />}<br />printf("Number of characters = %d, number of lines = %d\n", nc, nl);<br />}<br />----------<br />scanf("format string", variables); <br />sprintf(string, "format string", variables);<br />scanf(string, "format string", variables);<br />----------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />FILE *fp;<br />fp = fopen(name, mode);<br />fscanf(fp, "format string", variable list);<br />fprintf(fp, "format string", variable list);<br />fclose(fp );<br />------------<br />fopen(filename, mode);<br />mode Description<br />"r" Open a file for reading. The file must exist.<br />"w" Create an empty file for writing. If a file with the same name already exists its content is erased and the file is considered as a new empty file.<br />"a" Append to a file. Writing operations append data at the end of the file. The file is created if it does not exist.<br />"r+" Open a file for update both reading and writing. The file must exist.<br />"w+" Create an empty file for both reading and writing.<br />"a+" Open a file for reading and appending. <br />------------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />void main() {<br />FILE *fp;<br />int i;<br />fp = fopen("foo.dat", "w"); /* open foo.dat for writing */<br />fprintf(fp, "\nSample Code\n\n"); /* write some info */<br />for (i = 1; i <= 10 ; i++) fprintf(fp, "i = %d\n", i);<br />fclose(fp); /* close the file */<br />}<br />-------------<br />FUNCTIONS<br /><br />return-type function-name ( argument-list-if-necessary )<br />{<br /> ...local-declarations...<br /> ...statements...<br /> return return-value;<br />}<br /><br />Functions need to be declared before being called <br />(except main?? main() is usually the first function in the program. But by that logic, main() should be the last function in the program...)<br />Or they can be prototyped.<br />I think we should avoid prototyping, it just increases overhead.<br /><br />function1 (); /* prototype, so the compiler knows beforehand there is a function1 declared somewhere */<br />main() {}<br />function1 () {}<br />function2() {}<br /><br />local variable is declared inside a function and can only be used inside the function.<br />global variable is declared outside all functions (including main()) and can be used in all functions.<br />---------<br />#include<stdio.h><br />int A, B;<br />int Add() {return A + B; }<br /><br />main() {<br />int answer;<br />A = 5; B = 7;<br />answer = Add();<br />printf("%d\n",answer);<br />}<br />---------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />#include < string.h><br />void main() {<br />int n;<br />char string[50];<br />strcpy(string, "Hello World");<br />n = n_char(string);<br />printf("Length of string = %d\n", n);<br />}<br /><br />int n_char(char string[]) {<br />int n;<br />n = strlen(string);<br />if (n > 50) printf("String is longer than 50 characters\n");<br />return n;<br />}<br />----------<br />Arguments are always passed by value in C function calls. This means that local copies of the values of the arguments are passed to the routines. Any change made to the arguments internally in the function are made only to the local copies of the arguments. In order to change (or define) an argument in the argument list, this argument must be passed as an address, thereby forcing C to change the real argument in the calling routine.<br />------------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />void exchange ( int *a, int *b );<br />void main() {<br />int a, b;<br />a = 5;<br />b = 7;<br />printf("From main: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);<br />exchange(&a, &b);<br />printf("Back in main: ");<br />printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);<br />}<br /><br />void exchange ( int *a, int *b ) {<br />int temp;<br />temp = *a;<br />*a = *b;<br />*b = temp;<br />printf(" From function exchange: ");<br />printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", *a, *b);<br />}<br />------------<br />Command-line arguments<br /><br />main(int argc, char** argv)<br />(The syntax char** argv declares argv to be a pointer to a pointer to a character, that is, a pointer to a character array (a character string)--in other words, an array of character strings. You could also write this as char* argv[]. )<br /><br />For example, if you typed<br />a.out -i 2 -g -x 3 4<br />the program would receive<br />argc = 7<br />argv[0] = "a.out"<br />argv[1] = "-i"<br />argv[2] = "2"<br />argv[3] = "-g"<br />argv[4] = "-x"<br />argv[5] = "3"<br />argv[6] = "4"<br />---------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />main(int argc, char** argv) {<br />int i;<br />printf("argc = %d\n", argc);<br />for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) printf("argv[%d] = \"%s\"\n", i, argv[i]);<br />}<br />---------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />#include < stdlib.h><br />main(int argc, char** argv) {<br />int a_value = 0;<br />float b_value = 0.0;<br />char* c_value = NULL;<br />int d1_value = 0, d2_value = 0;<br />int i;<br />/* Start at i = 1 to skip the command name. */<br />for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {<br />/* Check for a switch (leading "-"). */<br />if (argv[i][0] == '-') {<br />/* Use the next character to decide what to do. */<br />switch (argv[i][1]) {<br />case 'a': a_value = atoi(argv[++i]); break;<br />case 'b': b_value = atof(argv[++i]); break;<br />case 'c': c_value = argv[++i]; break;<br />case 'd': d1_value = atoi(argv[++i]); d2_value = atoi(argv[++i]); break;<br />}}}<br />printf("a = %d\n", a_value);<br />printf("b = %f\n", b_value);<br />if (c_value != NULL) printf("c = \"%s\"\n", c_value);<br />printf("d1 = %d, d2 = %d\n", d1_value, d2_value);<br />}<br /><br />Note that argv[i][j] means the j-th character of the i-th character string. <br />----------<br />#include < stdio.h><br />#include < stdlib.h><br />void get_args(int argc, char** argv, int* a_value, float* b_value) {<br />int i;<br />/* Start at i = 1 to skip the command name. */<br />for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {<br />/* Check for a switch (leading "-"). */<br />if (argv[i][0] == '-') {<br />/* Use the next character to decide what to do. */<br />switch (argv[i][1]) {<br />case 'a': *a_value = atoi(argv[++i]); break;<br />case 'b': *b_value = atof(argv[++i]); break;<br />default: fprintf(stderr, "Unknown switch %s\n", argv[i]);<br />} } } }<br /><br />main(int argc, char** argv) {<br />/* Set defaults for all parameters: */<br />int a = 0;<br />float b = 0.0;<br />get_args(argc, argv, &a, &b);<br />printf("a = %d\n", a);<br />printf("b = %f\n", b);<br />}<br />-------------<br />printf("Please enter the value of n: ");<br />scanf("%d", &n);<br /><br />printf("Please enter the value of x: ");<br />scanf("%f", &x);<br />---------<br />STRUCT<br /><br />#include<stdio.h><br />struct telephone {<br />char *name;<br />int number;<br />};<br /><br />int main() {<br />struct telephone index;<br />index.name = "Jane Doe";<br />index.number = 12345;<br />printf("Name: %s\n", index.name);<br />printf("Telephone number: %d\n", index.number);<br />return 0;<br />}<br />------------<br />TYPEDEF<br /><br />#include<stdio.h><br />typedef int *int_ptr;<br />int main() {<br />int_ptr myvar;<br />return 0;<br />}<br />--------------<br />#include<stdio.h><br />typedef struct telephone {<br />char *name;<br />int number;<br />}TELEPHONE;<br /><br />int main() {<br />TELEPHONE index;<br />index.name = "Jane Doe";<br />index.number = 12345;<br />printf("Name: %s\n", index.name);<br />printf("Telephone number: %d\n", index.number);<br />return 0;<br />}<br />-------------<br />#include<stdio.h><br />typedef struct telephone {<br />char *name;<br />int number;<br />}TELEPHONE;<br /><br />int main() {<br />TELEPHONE index;<br />TELEPHONE *ptr_myindex;<br />ptr_myindex = &index;<br />ptr_myindex->name = "Jane Doe";<br />ptr_myindex->number = 12345;<br />printf("Name: %s\n", ptr_myindex->name);<br />printf("Telephone number: %d\n", ptr_myindex->number);<br />return 0;<br />}<br />-----------<br />A union is like a structure in which all members are stored at the same address. <br />A union stores different data types in the same memory location. <br />Only one member can contain a value at any given time. <br /><br />#include<stdio.h><br />typedef union myunion {<br />double PI;<br />int B;<br />}MYUNION;<br /><br />int main() {<br />MYUNION numbers;<br />numbers.PI = 3.14;<br />numbers.B = 50;<br />return 0;<br />}<br />----------<br />#include <stdio.h><br />#include <string.h><br />union Data { int i; float f; char str[20]; };<br /><br />int main( ) {<br />union Data data;<br />printf( "Memory size occupied by data : %d\n", sizeof(data));<br />return 0;<br />}<br />----------<br />#include <stdio.h><br />#include <string.h><br />union Data { int i; float f; char str[20]; };<br /><br />int main( ) {<br />union Data data; <br />data.i = 10;<br />data.f = 220.5;<br />strcpy( data.str, "C Programming");<br />printf( "data.i : %d\n", data.i);<br />printf( "data.f : %f\n", data.f);<br />printf( "data.str : %s\n", data.str);<br />return 0;<br />}<br /><br />data.i : 1917853763<br />data.f : 4122360580327794860452759994368.000000<br />data.str : C Programming<br /><br />The data gets corrupted. Only the last value is assigned.<br />----------------<br />Preprocessor Directives<br /><br />The C preprocessor modifies a source file before handing it over to the compiler.<br /><br />#include <filename><br />paste the text of filename into the current file. <br />If filename cannot be found, compilation will cease with an error.<br /><br />#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))<br />To define a multiline macro, each line before the last should end with a \, which will result in a line continuation.<br /><br />#undef<br />undefines a constant or preprocessor macro defined previously using #define.<br /><br />#define E 2.71828<br />int e_squared = E * E;<br />#undef E<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-14364714623230903092014-06-23T00:38:00.002+09:002014-06-23T00:38:59.532+09:00Romanian languageBună. Hello.<br />La revedere. Goodbye.<br />Bună dimineaţa. Good morning.<br />Bună ziua. Good afternoon.<br />Bună seara. Good evening.<br />Da. Yes.<br />Nu. No.<br /><br />Vă rog. Please (formal). <br />Te rog. Please (informal).<br />Mulţumesc. Thanks.<br />Cât costă? How much is it?<br />La revedere. See you later.<br />Mă scuzaţi. Excuse me (formal).<br />Scuze. Excuse me (informal).<br /><br />Numele meu este .. My name is .. <br />Mă cheamă .. I am called .. <br />Cum vă numiţi? What is your name (formal)? <br />Cum te numeşti? What is your name (informal)? <br />Cum sunteţi? How are you (formal)? <br />Cum eşti? How are you (informal)? <br />Bine, dar tu? Fine, and you (informal)?<br />Bine, dar dumneavoastră Fine, and you (formal)?<br />Incântat să vă întâlnesc . Pleased to meet you (formal).<br />Incântat să te întâlnesc. Pleased to meet you (informal).<br /><br />baia. bath.<br />săpunul. soap.<br />hârtia igienică. toilet paper.<br />peria de dinţi. toothbrush.<br />pasta de dinţi. toothpaste.<br />prosopul. towel.<br />chiuveta. washbasin.<br /><br />ceasul deşteptător. alarm clock.<br />patul. bed.<br />dormitorul. bedroom.<br />pătura. blanket.<br />salteaua. mattress.<br />perna. pillow.<br />faţa de pernă. pillow case.<br />cearşaful. sheet.<br /><br />Vreau să cumpăr .. I want to buy .. <br />Mă uit doar. I'm just looking.<br />Este prea scump. It's too expensive.<br />Acceptaţi cărţi de credit? Do you accept credit cards?<br />Atât, mulţumesc. That's all, thanks.<br />E cu defect. It is faulty.<br />Aş dori o restituire. I'd like a refund.<br />Aveţi o mărime mai mare? Do you have a larger size?<br />Aveţi o mărime mai mică? Do you have a smaller size?<br />Aveţi o altă culoare? Do you have another colour?<br /><br />cafeaua. coffee.<br />laptele. milk.<br />harta. map.<br />telefonul. phone.<br />cartea de telefon. phone book.<br />felicitarea. postcard.<br />suvenirul. souvenir.<br />timbrul. stamp.<br /><br />Sunt din .. I'm from .. <br />Brazilia. Brazil.<br />Anglia. England.<br />Irlanda. Ireland.<br />Franţa. France.<br />Germania. Germany.<br />Italia. Italy.<br />Spania. Spain.<br />Scoţia. Scotland.<br />România. Romania.<br />Ţara Galilor. Wales.<br />Australia. Australia.<br />Canada. Canada.<br />Noua Zeelandă. New Zealand.<br />America. America.<br /><br />Vorbiţi engleza? Do you speak English?<br />Nu vorbesc limba română. I don't speak Romanian.<br />Aţi putea scrie aceasta? Could you write it down?<br />Vorbeşte cineva engleza? Does anyone speak English?<br />Puteţi repeta? Can you repeat that?<br />Nu înţeleg. I don't understand.<br />Cum? Pardon? <br />Cum se spune în româneşte? What is it called in Romanian?<br />Vă rog vorbiţi mai rar. Please speak more slowly (formal) <br />Te rog vorbeşte mai rar. Please speak more slowly (informal)<br />Ce înseamnă asta? What does .. mean?<br /><br />Aceasta este soţia mea. This is my wife.<br />Acesta este soţul meu. This is my husband.<br />Acesta este fiul meu. This is my son.<br />Aceasta este fiica mea.This is my daughter.<br />Acesta este .. This is (introducing a man) .. <br />Aceasta este .. This is (introducing a woman) .. <br />Acesta este d-l Smith. This is Mr Smith.<br />Aceasta este d-na Smith.This is Mrs Smith.<br /><br />De unde sunteţi? Where are you from (formal)? <br />De unde eşti? Where are you from (informal)?<br />Sunt din Anglia. I'm from England.<br />Sunt din America. I'm from America.<br />Aţi vizitat vreodată ţara mea? Have you been to my country (formal)?<br />Ai vizitat vreodată ţara mea? Have you been to my country (informal)?<br />Locuiesc în oraşul .. I live in the city of .. <br />Îmi place România mult. I like Romania a lot.<br />Ce părere aveţi despre oraş? What do you think of the city (formal)? <br />Ce părere ai despre oraş? What do you think of the city (informal)? <br /><br />Unde staţi? Where are you staying (formal)?<br />Unde stai? Where are you staying (informal)?<br />Aveţi copii? Do you have children (formal)?<br />Ai copii? Do you have children (informal)?<br />Cu ce vă ocupaţi? What do you do (formal)?<br />Cu ce te ocupi? What do you do (informal)?<br />Sunt pensionar. I'm retired (man speaking).<br />Sunt pensionară. I'm retired (woman speaking).<br />Sunt student. I'm a student (man speaking).<br />Sunt studentă. I'm a student (woman speaking).<br />Călătoresc. I'm travelling.<br />Sunt aici în vacanţă. I'm here on holiday.<br />Sunt aici cu afaceri. I'm here on business.<br />Aţi fost în ..? Have you been to (formal) ..?<br />Ai fost în ..? Have you been to (informal) ..?<br />Am fost în .. I've been to ..<br /><br />Bine. OK.<br />Da, sigur! Yes, of course!<br />Bineînţeles că nu! Of course not!<br />Glumiţi! You're joking (formal)!<br />Glumeşti. You're joking (informal)!<br />Cum sunteţi? How's it going (formal)?<br />Cum eşti? How's it going (informal)?<br />Nici vorbă! No way!<br />Adresa mea de e-mail este.. My e-mail address is ..<br />Care este adresa d-voastră de e-mail? What is your e-mail address (formal)?<br />Care este adresa ta de e-mail? What is your e-mail address (informal)?<br />Iată adresa mea. Here is my address.<br /><br />Vă place fotbalul? Do you like football (formal)?<br />Îţi place fotbalul? Do you like football (informal)?<br />Cu cine ţineţi? Who do you support (formal)?<br />Cu cine ţii? Who do you support (informal)?<br />Care este jucătorul d-voastră preferat? Who is your best player (formal)?<br />Care este jucătorul tău preferat? Who is your best player (informal)?<br />Ţin cu.. I support ..<br />E un jucător bun. He's a great player.<br />Nu e bun. He's no good.<br />Antrenorul este.. The (male) coach is ..<br />Antrenoarea este.. The (female) coach is ..<br /><br /><br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-46243432678963531842014-05-28T00:21:00.004+09:002014-06-06T13:14:50.259+09:00Porque a ortografia etimológica é melhor.<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/5EixZ5MAd5A?rel=0" width="420"></iframe>
<br />
<br />
Porque a ortografia etimológica é melhor.<br />
<br />
Eu acabei de ler este artigo na Wikipédia:<br />
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia_da_l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa<br />
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia<br />
<br />
Desde o início do século XX, Portugal tem pressionado todos os países lusófonos a adotarem ortografia fonética ao contrário da ortografia etimológica.<br />
<br />
Mas na minha opinião isso é um erro.<br />
Eu acho que a ortografia etimológica é melhor.<br />
<br />
Há várias razões para isso:<br />
<br />
1. É impossível ter uma ortografia perfeitamente fonética. Como diz o artigo da Wikipédia: "o princípio fonético também enfrenta obstáculos pela tendência natural da língua falada de se modificar com o tempo, deixando o sistema de escrita obsoleto".<br />
A ortografia sempre estará atrasada em relação à pronúncia. A pronúncia das palavras muda constante e rapidamente. Reformas ortográficas seriam necessárias frequentemente só para manter a ortografia atualizada.<br />
<br />
2. A ortografia fonética distancia o português das outras línguas européias.<br />
Compare a ortografia atual com a ortografia etimológica portuguesa do século XIX:<br />
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Pequeno_dicion%C3%A1rio_comparativo_de_ortografia_em_l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa<br />
Seria muito mais fácil estudar inglês hoje com a ortografia do século XIX.<br />
<br />
3. A ortografia fonética destrói a cultura da língua portuguesa.<br />
As constantes mudanças na ortografia exigem que os livros sejam corrigidos e traduzidos para a ortografia corrente. Mas não é possível traduzir absolutamente todos os livros. O que acontece com os livros que não são traduzidos? Tornam-se obsoletos e eventualmente ilegíveis. A informação contida nesses livros se perderá para sempre.<br />
Já é bastante difícil ler livros em português escritos há menos de 100 anos atrás.<br />
Ao contrário, é possível ler livros em inglês escritos há mais de 200 ou 300 anos atrás.<br />
É possível ler livros em chinês ou japonês escritos há mais de 1.000 anos atrás. Embora a gramática e pronúncia tenham mudado bastante, a ortografia tem se mantido aproximadamente a mesma.<br />
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4. A ortografia fonética dificulta a aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras.<br />
No mundo contemporâneo globalizado, é praticamente imperativo ser bilíngue.<br />
É muito mais fácil para um chinês aprender inglês ou português do que o contrário.<br />
Um chinês ou japonês já aceitam o fato de que é preciso memorizar a pronúncia e escrita de cada palavra separadamente. Mas falantes de português tem dificuldades de aceitar isso. Chinês e japonês são consideradas línguas muito difíceis, mas na minha opinião são mais fáceis do que inglês.<br />
A gramática inglesa é mais difícil do que a japonesa, e o inglês também exige a memorização da pronúncia e escrita de cada palavra separadamente.<br />
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5. A ortografia fonética dificulta a assimilação de línguas estrangeiras.<br />
Em português, palavras estrangeiras precisam ser aportuguesadas. Em inglês, que tem ortografia etimológica, isso não existe. Nenhuma palavra estrangeira precisa ser anglicanizada. Palavras estrangeiras são introduzidas no vocabulário inglês sem nenhuma modificação na ortografia. Los Angeles, Sacramento, chocolate, Colorado são todas palavras espanholas introduzidas no vocabulário inglês.<br />
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6. A ortografia fonética destrói não apenas o passado mas o futuro da língua portuguesa.<br />
Se você escrever uma carta para os seus bisnetos, eles provavelmente não vão conseguir entender, porque haverá tantas reformas ortográficas a partir de hoje até o tempo deles, que a carta será ilegível. Se você quiser escrever para os seus bisnetos ou futuras gerações, você precisa escrever em inglês, japonês ou chinês, línguas que não precisam de reformas ortográficas.<br />
Se você escrever em chinês, é bem possível que as pessoas consigam entender o que você escreveu mesmo depois de milhares de anos. <br />
O livro "A arte da guerra" foi escrito em chinês há mais de 2 mil anos atrás e ainda é legível hoje.hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-85853420146066473272014-05-25T00:06:00.004+09:002020-12-31T14:59:33.567+09:00What if time were circular?<br />
<iframe br="" framebo="" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/2KASGvSCFG8?rel=0" width="420"></iframe>
<br />
What if time were circular?<br />
We usually think about time as linear, from past to present to future....<br />
But is this assumption really correct?<br />
What if time were not linear? What if time were circular?<br />
If time were circular then by travelling to the distant future, you actually would go all the way to the distant past and then finally return to the point of origin.<br />
It would be like circumnavigating the Earth. Since Earth is not flat, travelling in a straight line actually makes you return to the point of origin.<br />
If time were circular it would be exactly like travelling round the Earth.<br />
We know how to travel to the future. That is exactly what we are doing right now, travelling to the future, one day per day.<br />
But we don't know how to travel to the past. How can you go back in time?<br />
If time were circular it would give us a way to travel to the past by going forward in time, instead of backwards.<br />
The distant past and the distant future would be exactly the same place. <br />
By going to the distant future, you would actually achieve the distant past, and then eventually the near past.<br />
A time traveller would be someone who accelerates time. <br />
A time traveller would always be someone from the past, never from the future.<br />
Time paradoxes would not exist, since time travellers would never be from the future.hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-70867126923000189132014-04-28T10:54:00.002+09:002014-04-28T10:54:12.361+09:00飴と雨の発音の違い飴と雨の発音の違いは学問上、正式に認められていますか?<br /><br />飴と雨の発音にこだわる人が結構多いそうです。<br />他の人の発音をしつこく指摘し、訂正しようとする。<br />しかし、果たして、そんな発音の違いについて、学問上の根拠はありあますか?<br /><br />辞書を調べたら、飴と雨は同音異義語であり、発音は全く同じで、区別する必要もないし、区別してはいけないとなっています。<br />殆どの辞書や文法書には発音の違いには言及しない。<br />http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/6670/m0u/%E9%A3%B4/<br />http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/6660/m1u/%E9%9B%A8/<br />http://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A3%B4?dic=daijisen&oid=00491100<br />http://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%9B%A8?dic=daijirin&oid=DJR_ame_-020<br />http://gogen-allguide.com/a/ame_candy.html<br />http://gogen-allguide.com/a/ame.html<br /><br />それに言及するサイトの多くは、発音の違いは訛りであり、特に東京地方の方言の特徴であるそうです。<br />一体その発音の違いは何処から来たのか、日本のどの地方で採用されているのか、何時からそうなったのか?<br />外国人に日本語を教える時に、そんな発音の違いを教えるべきなのか?<br /><br />--------------<br />以下各サイトからの引用<br /><br />アクセントが違いますね。雨は「あ」にアクセント。飴は「め」にアクセント<br />http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q148338749<br /><br />「雨」と「飴」はどちらも「アメ」と読む同音異義語ですが,実際に声に出して読んでみると,声の高さにはっきりと違いが出ます。NHKのアナウンサーなら,「雨」は「ア」が高く「メ」が低い,反対に「飴」は「ア」が低く「メ」が高い,ということになるでしょう。このように,声の高さの高低として捉えられるのが,日本語のアクセントの特徴です。<br />とはいえ,アクセントには地域差があります<br />http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/publication/catalogue/kokken_mado/09/04/<br /><br />例えば東京方言で「雨が」は「あめが」と発音され「あ」の後に下がり目がある<br />http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88<br /><br />音階のドレミを用いて、まず高い音節をラ、低い音節をソで表します。<br />関東アクセントでは<br />飴: ソラ<br />雨: ラソ<br />関西アクセントでは<br />飴: ララ<br />雨: ソラ<br />http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1215642687<br /><br />地方によっては同じアクセントで発音されるかもしれません<br />http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1347840753<br />hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5409357884639424814.post-63990632998094067062014-04-26T01:37:00.002+09:002014-04-28T21:32:42.195+09:00O fim do dinheiro<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/TLM4v8cM9ck?rel=0" width="420"></iframe>
<br />
O que aconteceria se comida, água, casa, e roupas fossem oferecidos de graça?<br />
O que aconteceria se ninguém mais precisasse trabalhar?<br />
O que aconteceria se dinheiro fosse completamente abolido?<br />
<br />
Parece ficção científica, mas não é. Na verdade o orçamento de muitos países já permite distribuir comida e sustentar a população de graça.<br />
Quanto de dinheiro é necessário para sustentar um ser humano? Considerando apenas o absolutamente mínimo necessário para a sobrevivência, na verdade o custo não é tão alto.<br />
A produção de água, comida, casa e roupas pode ser quase completamente automatizada. Cientificamente já é possível produzir comida a baixo custo capaz de sustentar toda a população. <br />
<br />
Se o governo oferecesse esses recursos de graça, ninguém mais precisaria trabalhar. Dinheiro não seria mais necessário. <br />
<br />
O que aconteceria se ninguém mais precisasse trabalhar?<br />
Algumas pessoas provavelmente escolheriam ficar o dia inteiro assistindo televisão.<br />
Mas a grande maioria das pessoas provavelmente não aguentaria ficar sem fazer nada o dia inteiro.<br />
A grande maioria das pessoas começaria a trabalhar. De graça. Voluntariamente.<br />
Ninguém seria forçado a trabalhar. As pessoas iriam trabalhar por puro prazer em trabalhar.<br />
As pessoas iriam trabalhar de graça, como voluntários, oferecendo produtos e serviços absolutamente gratuitamente.<br />
O padeiro produziria pães de graça, por encomenda, para evitar desperdício de ingredientes. <br />
Os padeiros da cidade iriam competir entre si para decidir quem é o melhor padeiro.<br />
Os engenheiros iriam competir entre si para decidir quem é o melhor engenheiro.<br />
Os médicos iriam competir entre si para decidir quem é o melhor médico.<br />
As pessoas iriam trabalhar apenas pelo prazer de trabalhar.<br />
A qualidade de vida de toda a humanidade seria muito mais alto do que o nível atual.<br />
Governos, empresas e organizações iriam publicar anúncios buscando por voluntários para resolver os problemas da humanidade.<br />
Pessoas iriam publicar anúncios oferecendo seus serviços e produtos de graça. <br />
Muitas pessoas iriam aceitar serviços físicos como pedreiro, carpinteiro, lixeiros, pelo simples intuito de fortalecer e exercitar o corpo.<br />
Todos os políticos e funcionários do governo seriam voluntários, sem receber salário.<br />
<br />
Eleições e entrevistas de emprego continuariam existindo normalmente. <br />
Apenas pessoas qualificadas seriam aceitas em certos cargos.<br />
Apenas pessoas com diploma médico seriam aceitos para trabalhar como médico.<br />
<br />
Dinheiro desapareceria. Bancos desapareceriam. Ladrões desapareceriam. <br />
Ninguém mais iria roubar, uma vez que tudo estaria disponível de graça.<br />
<br />
Corrupção, suborno, propina deixariam de existir. Como subornar um político que trabalha de graça, como voluntário? Seria impossível subornar um político ou qualquer outra pessoa se dinheiro não existisse.<br />
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Ninguém mais seria preguiçoso. Se você tivesse a oportunidade de trabalhar naquilo que gosta, você seria preguiçoso?? Preguiça de fazer aquilo que você gosta? Impossível.<br />
<br />
Muito pelo contrário, as pessoas trabalhariam muito mais do que atualmente. Muitas pessoas iriam voluntariamente querer trabalhar 7 dias por semana, 10, 12 horas por dia.<br />
Qualquer pessoa poderia se tornar jogador de futebol e jogar todos os dias, o dia inteiro.<br />
<br />
A qualquer momento você poderia tirar "férias", viajar pelo mundo "trabalhando" como fotógrafo, pesquisador, documentarista, cientista.<br />
Não haveria limite para o tempo de "férias". Você poderia tirar "férias" de um mês, um ano, 10 anos, quanto você quiser.<br />
<br />
Isso não é sonho. Cientificamente isso já é possível.<br />
O seriado "Jornada nas Estrelas" já previa um mundo onde o dinheiro se tornaria obsoleto.<br />
<br />
Muitas empresas e organizações já funcionam completamente à base de doações e serviço voluntário. Muitas empresas no mundo inteiro já oferecem produtos e serviços de graça.<br />
Google, Yahoo, Facebook oferecem serviços de graça. Você não precisa pagar nada para abrir uma conta nesses websites.<br />
Existem muitas organizações no mundo inteiro que oferecem comida de graça aos mendigos e indigentes.<br />
<br />
Água aqui no Japão é praticamente de graça. Quase todos os parques públicos tem banheiro com água potável.<br />
Programas de televisão e rádio sempre foram de graça.<br />
Se todas as empresas do mundo oferecessem seus produtos e serviços de graça, não haveria mais necessidade de dinheiro. Dinheiro desapareceria.<br />
<br />
Dinheiro existe apenas para facilitar a troca de produtos e serviços.<br />
Mas é possível efetuar a troca diretamente, sem usar dinheiro, através de escambo.<br />
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escambo<br />
<br />
O governo seria o provedor apenas dos produtos básicos essenciais.<br />
Todos os outros produtos e serviços seriam fornecidos por empresas particulares que funcionariam inteiramente à base de doações e serviço voluntário.<br />
A divisão de trabalho e hierarquia continuariam existindo normalmente como existe hoje. A única diferença é que ninguém receberia salário.hcm9999http://www.blogger.com/profile/04630994327189249535noreply@blogger.com0